PHGY 216 FINAL EXAM – COMPLETE STUDY
PRACTICE QUESTIONS & DETAILED ANSWERS
2026/2027 LATEST UPDATE
Which filtered substance is normally NOT present in urine at all?
a) Na+
b) PO4)3-
c) urea
d) glucose
e) H+ -E
Reabsorption of which substance is NOT linked in some way to active Na+ reabsorption?a)
glucose
B) PO4)3-
c) H2O
d) urea
e) Cl- - D
For the following indicate the proper sequence through which fluid flows as it traverses the
structures in question a) ureter
b) kidney
c) urethra
d) bladder
e) renal pelvis - B, E, A,D, C
,For the following indicate the proper sequence through which fluid flows as it traverses the
structures in question
A) efferent arteriole
B) peritubular capillaries
c) renal artery
d) glomerulus
e) afferent arteriole
f) renal vein - C, E, D, A, B, F
For the following indicate the proper sequence through which fluid flows as it traverses the structures
ina) loop of henlequestion
B) collecting duct
c) bowman's capsule
d) proximal tubule
e) renal pelvis
f) distal tubule
g) glomerulus - C, G, D, A, F, B, E
Distinguish between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons - Cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary
nephrons are two types of nephrons, which are the functional units of the kidney. The main
differences between them are:
Location: Cortical nephrons are located mostly in the cortex of the kidney, while juxtamedullary
nephrons have their renal corpuscles near the border between the cortex and the medulla and their loops
of Henle extend deep into the medulla.
Page 2 of 46
,Length of the loop of Henle: Cortical nephrons have a shorter loop of Henle that only extends into the
outer medulla, while juxtamedullary nephrons have a longer loop of Henle that extends deep into the
medulla.Why is it advantageous that renal blood flow decreases during exercise? - -During exercise,
Function:blood flow Cortical nephrons are involved mainly in filtration and reabsorption of small
molecules,
whileto-To working muscles increas maintain blood pressure and supply blood juxtamedullary
nephrons ares involved in the production of concentrated urine by to working muscles, blood flow
needs to be establishing aredistributed
concentration gradient in thefrom non--essential organs such renalas themedulla. kidneys
Decreasing renal blood flow during exercise conserves fluids and electrolytes needed to
-maintain theDecreased renal blood flow also reduces the rate of urine
body's balance during exerciseformation-This redistribution of blood flow is temporary and the kidneys
will resume their normal functexercise hason onc ended
-Prolonged or excessive reduction in renal blood flow can lead to kidney damage or dysfunction
Discuss how extrinsic control of the GFR is accomplished and the importance of this mechanism
-
Extrinsic control of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is accomplished by regulating the diameter of
the afferent and efferent arterioles that supply blood to the glomeruli. This control is achieved through
the activity of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. The
sympathetic nervous system constricts the afferent arterioles, reducing blood flow to the glomeruli
and thereby decreasing the GFR. This mechanism is important in situations such as exercise, when
the body needs to redirect blood flow to the working muscles.
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is activated when there is a decrease in blood pressure
orExtrinsic control of the GFR is important because it helps to maintain a stable filtration rate, even
blood volume. It leadsunder to the release of renin, which converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I,
whichconditions of varying blood press ure or volume. Without this control, the GFR could become
too ishigh then converted to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II constricts the afferent arterioles, decreasing
bloodor too low, leading to electrolyte imbalances, dehydration, or other complications. flow to the
glomeruli and thereby reducing the GFR. It also stimulates1 the release of aldosterone, which
promotes sodium reabsorption in the distal tubules and collecting ducts, increasing water
reabsorption and restoring blood volume.
, Show the steps of transepithelial transport - 1. Absorption or secretion: The first step in transepithelial
transport is the movement of molecules or ions from one side of the epithelial cell to the other. This can
either be absorption, where molecules2. Entry into the cell: To move across the epithelial cell, molecules
must first enter move from the lumen (apical side) to the interstitial fluid the cell. This
(basolateral side), or secretion, can where molecules move from the interstitial fluid to the lumen.
occur3 through several mechanisms, including passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, or active
transport.
4. Movement across the cell: Once inside the cell, molecules must cross the cell to reach the other side.
This can occur by simple 5 diffusion, facilitated diffusion, or active transport.
. Exit from the cell: Finally, the molecules must exit the epithelial cell to reach their final 6destination.
This can occur by passive capillary. This can occur by diffusion,diffusion facilitated diffusion, or active
transport. or bulk
flow.. Movement through the interstitial fluid: After exiting the epithelial cell, molecules must move
through the intersDescribe the sequence of events that take place in thetitial fluid to reach their final
destination. reninangiotensis This can occur by aldosterone system diffusion or bulk in flow.response
to. Entry into the capillary: a fall in NaCl, ECF volume, and arterial blood pressure The final step in
transepithelial transport is- The sequence of events in the renin the entry of molecules into -
angiotensinthe -aldosterone system (RAAS) in response to a fall in NaCl, ECF volume, and
arterial blood1. A decrease in NaCl, ECF volume, or arterial blood pressure stimulates
juxtaglomerular cells pressure can be summarized askidneys to release the enzyme n the follows:
renin.2. Renin cleaves angiotensinogen, a protein produced in the liver, into
angiotensin I.
3. Angiotensin I is then converted to angiotensin II by the enzyme angiotensin-converting (ACE),
which isenzyme primarily located in the lungs.
4. Angiotensin II acts on the adrenal cortex to stimulate the release of aldosterone, a hormone that
increases Na+ reabsorption and K+5 secretion in the distal tubule and collecting duct of the kidneys.
6.. Angiotensin The increased reabsorption of Na+ and secretion of K+II also causes vasoconstriction,
which further increases arterial blood pressure. leads to an increase in ECF
7volume . Angiotensin and II also stimulates thirst and the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH),
which arterial blood pressure.waterpromotes reabsorption in the kidneys.
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PRACTICE QUESTIONS & DETAILED ANSWERS
2026/2027 LATEST UPDATE
Which filtered substance is normally NOT present in urine at all?
a) Na+
b) PO4)3-
c) urea
d) glucose
e) H+ -E
Reabsorption of which substance is NOT linked in some way to active Na+ reabsorption?a)
glucose
B) PO4)3-
c) H2O
d) urea
e) Cl- - D
For the following indicate the proper sequence through which fluid flows as it traverses the
structures in question a) ureter
b) kidney
c) urethra
d) bladder
e) renal pelvis - B, E, A,D, C
,For the following indicate the proper sequence through which fluid flows as it traverses the
structures in question
A) efferent arteriole
B) peritubular capillaries
c) renal artery
d) glomerulus
e) afferent arteriole
f) renal vein - C, E, D, A, B, F
For the following indicate the proper sequence through which fluid flows as it traverses the structures
ina) loop of henlequestion
B) collecting duct
c) bowman's capsule
d) proximal tubule
e) renal pelvis
f) distal tubule
g) glomerulus - C, G, D, A, F, B, E
Distinguish between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons - Cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary
nephrons are two types of nephrons, which are the functional units of the kidney. The main
differences between them are:
Location: Cortical nephrons are located mostly in the cortex of the kidney, while juxtamedullary
nephrons have their renal corpuscles near the border between the cortex and the medulla and their loops
of Henle extend deep into the medulla.
Page 2 of 46
,Length of the loop of Henle: Cortical nephrons have a shorter loop of Henle that only extends into the
outer medulla, while juxtamedullary nephrons have a longer loop of Henle that extends deep into the
medulla.Why is it advantageous that renal blood flow decreases during exercise? - -During exercise,
Function:blood flow Cortical nephrons are involved mainly in filtration and reabsorption of small
molecules,
whileto-To working muscles increas maintain blood pressure and supply blood juxtamedullary
nephrons ares involved in the production of concentrated urine by to working muscles, blood flow
needs to be establishing aredistributed
concentration gradient in thefrom non--essential organs such renalas themedulla. kidneys
Decreasing renal blood flow during exercise conserves fluids and electrolytes needed to
-maintain theDecreased renal blood flow also reduces the rate of urine
body's balance during exerciseformation-This redistribution of blood flow is temporary and the kidneys
will resume their normal functexercise hason onc ended
-Prolonged or excessive reduction in renal blood flow can lead to kidney damage or dysfunction
Discuss how extrinsic control of the GFR is accomplished and the importance of this mechanism
-
Extrinsic control of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is accomplished by regulating the diameter of
the afferent and efferent arterioles that supply blood to the glomeruli. This control is achieved through
the activity of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. The
sympathetic nervous system constricts the afferent arterioles, reducing blood flow to the glomeruli
and thereby decreasing the GFR. This mechanism is important in situations such as exercise, when
the body needs to redirect blood flow to the working muscles.
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is activated when there is a decrease in blood pressure
orExtrinsic control of the GFR is important because it helps to maintain a stable filtration rate, even
blood volume. It leadsunder to the release of renin, which converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I,
whichconditions of varying blood press ure or volume. Without this control, the GFR could become
too ishigh then converted to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II constricts the afferent arterioles, decreasing
bloodor too low, leading to electrolyte imbalances, dehydration, or other complications. flow to the
glomeruli and thereby reducing the GFR. It also stimulates1 the release of aldosterone, which
promotes sodium reabsorption in the distal tubules and collecting ducts, increasing water
reabsorption and restoring blood volume.
, Show the steps of transepithelial transport - 1. Absorption or secretion: The first step in transepithelial
transport is the movement of molecules or ions from one side of the epithelial cell to the other. This can
either be absorption, where molecules2. Entry into the cell: To move across the epithelial cell, molecules
must first enter move from the lumen (apical side) to the interstitial fluid the cell. This
(basolateral side), or secretion, can where molecules move from the interstitial fluid to the lumen.
occur3 through several mechanisms, including passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, or active
transport.
4. Movement across the cell: Once inside the cell, molecules must cross the cell to reach the other side.
This can occur by simple 5 diffusion, facilitated diffusion, or active transport.
. Exit from the cell: Finally, the molecules must exit the epithelial cell to reach their final 6destination.
This can occur by passive capillary. This can occur by diffusion,diffusion facilitated diffusion, or active
transport. or bulk
flow.. Movement through the interstitial fluid: After exiting the epithelial cell, molecules must move
through the intersDescribe the sequence of events that take place in thetitial fluid to reach their final
destination. reninangiotensis This can occur by aldosterone system diffusion or bulk in flow.response
to. Entry into the capillary: a fall in NaCl, ECF volume, and arterial blood pressure The final step in
transepithelial transport is- The sequence of events in the renin the entry of molecules into -
angiotensinthe -aldosterone system (RAAS) in response to a fall in NaCl, ECF volume, and
arterial blood1. A decrease in NaCl, ECF volume, or arterial blood pressure stimulates
juxtaglomerular cells pressure can be summarized askidneys to release the enzyme n the follows:
renin.2. Renin cleaves angiotensinogen, a protein produced in the liver, into
angiotensin I.
3. Angiotensin I is then converted to angiotensin II by the enzyme angiotensin-converting (ACE),
which isenzyme primarily located in the lungs.
4. Angiotensin II acts on the adrenal cortex to stimulate the release of aldosterone, a hormone that
increases Na+ reabsorption and K+5 secretion in the distal tubule and collecting duct of the kidneys.
6.. Angiotensin The increased reabsorption of Na+ and secretion of K+II also causes vasoconstriction,
which further increases arterial blood pressure. leads to an increase in ECF
7volume . Angiotensin and II also stimulates thirst and the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH),
which arterial blood pressure.waterpromotes reabsorption in the kidneys.
Page 4 of 46
