Nurs 5315: Adv Patho Exam 1 / NURS 5315 UTA Exam 1 questions and answers with solutions
What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause? - (ANSWER)Heart disease, Alzheimers, Parkinsons,
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease, HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid
perioxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA, less *protein synthesis*, chromatin destruction, damage
mitochondria
How are free radicals produced? - (ANSWER)1. Normal cellular respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
What is the body's defense against ROS? - (ANSWER)Antioxidants (Vitamin E, Vitamin C, cysteine,
glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
action potential - (ANSWER)Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the neuron --> the neuron
depolarizes --> then repolarizes
Threshold potential - (ANSWER)Point at which depolarization must reach in order to initiate an action
potential
Hypokalemia and action potentials - (ANSWER)HYPERpolarized (more negative, ex. -100). Less excitable.
Decreased neuromuscular excitability: weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac
dysrhythmias
Hyperkalemia and action potentials - (ANSWER)HYPOpolarized (more positive, ex: closer to 0). More
excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac standstill, paresthesia,
paralysis
Hypocalcemia and action potentials - (ANSWER)Increased permeability to Na+. More excitable. Tetany,
hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia, seizures, dysrhythmias.
,Nurs 5315: Adv Patho Exam 1 / NURS 5315 UTA Exam 1 questions and answers with solutions
Hypercalcemia and action potentials - (ANSWER)Decreased permeability to Na+. Less excitable.
Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion, encephalopathy, depressed T waves
Atrophy - (ANSWER)Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition,
hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once the cell has decreased in size, it has now
compensated for decreased blood supply, nerve supply, nutrient supply, hormonal supply, and has
achieved new homeostasis. Cells are alive but have diminished function and may lead to cellular death.
Atrophy examples - (ANSWER)Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the thymus gland during childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
Hypertrophy - (ANSWER)Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to increase in size of organ. Caused by
hormonal stimulation or increased functional demand.
Hypertrophy examples - (ANSWER)physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal hypertrophy when a person does
heavy work or weight lifting / when a kidney is surgically removed, the other kidney increases in size
pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an increased workload in hypertensive patients /
*left ventricular hypertrophy*
Hyperplasia - (ANSWER)Increase in NUMBER of cells. Results from increased rate of mitosis. Can ONLY
happen in cells that are capable of mitosis (cell division).
Hyperplasia examples - (ANSWER)1. Thickening of skin because of hyperplasia of epidermal cells.
2. Hormonal hyperplasia- occurs in estrogen dependent organs like uterus and breast.
3. Compensatory hyperplasia- liver regenerates, callus on skin
4. Pathologic hyperplasia- estrogen is unopposed by progesterone and the endometrial lining undergoes
hyperplasia and increased risk for endometrial cancer
Dysplasia - (ANSWER)abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of mature cells due to
persistent, severe cell injury or irritation
, Nurs 5315: Adv Patho Exam 1 / NURS 5315 UTA Exam 1 questions and answers with solutions
Dysplasia examples - (ANSWER)Pre cancer pap smears often show dysplastic cells of the cervix that must
undergo treatment.
Metaplasia - (ANSWER)Changed cell that is REVERSIBLE (one cell is replaced by another cell). Exposure
to chronic stressors, injury or irritation, like smoking or hydrochloric acid from heart burn
Metaplasia examples - (ANSWER)Most common is change from columnar cells to squamous cells
(chronic smokers).
Less common is change from squamous to columnar cells, like in Barrett Esophagus caused by heart
burn.
Carcinoma in situ - (ANSWER)Pre-invasive epithelial malignant tumors of glandular or squamous origin.
Sites including cervix, skin, oral cavity, esophagus, and bronchus
Hypoxic injury - (ANSWER)1. Decrease in oxygen in the air (high altitudes, asphyxiation, drowning)
2. Loss of hemoglobin function (hemorrhage or sickle cell anemia)
3. Decrease in production of red blood cells (anemia or leukemia)
4. Diseases of cardiopulmonary systems (ischemia, blood supply loss, arteriosclerosis)
Hypoxic injury clinical manifestations - (ANSWER)1. Increased CK (muscle and heart)
2. Increased LDH (muscle, liver, lung, heart, RBC, brain)
3. Increased ALT and AST (liver)
4. Increased troponin (heart)
Reperfusion injury - (ANSWER)Oxygen supply is restored to ischemic tissues. Triggers oxygen
intermediates which causes cell membrane damage and mitochondrial calcium overload.
Xanthine dehydrogenase --> xanthine oxidate. This makes large amounts of free radicals, superoxide,
and hydrogen peroxide. Causes cell membrane damage and *mitochondrial calcium overload*
What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause? - (ANSWER)Heart disease, Alzheimers, Parkinsons,
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease, HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid
perioxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA, less *protein synthesis*, chromatin destruction, damage
mitochondria
How are free radicals produced? - (ANSWER)1. Normal cellular respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
What is the body's defense against ROS? - (ANSWER)Antioxidants (Vitamin E, Vitamin C, cysteine,
glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
action potential - (ANSWER)Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the neuron --> the neuron
depolarizes --> then repolarizes
Threshold potential - (ANSWER)Point at which depolarization must reach in order to initiate an action
potential
Hypokalemia and action potentials - (ANSWER)HYPERpolarized (more negative, ex. -100). Less excitable.
Decreased neuromuscular excitability: weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac
dysrhythmias
Hyperkalemia and action potentials - (ANSWER)HYPOpolarized (more positive, ex: closer to 0). More
excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac standstill, paresthesia,
paralysis
Hypocalcemia and action potentials - (ANSWER)Increased permeability to Na+. More excitable. Tetany,
hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia, seizures, dysrhythmias.
,Nurs 5315: Adv Patho Exam 1 / NURS 5315 UTA Exam 1 questions and answers with solutions
Hypercalcemia and action potentials - (ANSWER)Decreased permeability to Na+. Less excitable.
Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion, encephalopathy, depressed T waves
Atrophy - (ANSWER)Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition,
hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once the cell has decreased in size, it has now
compensated for decreased blood supply, nerve supply, nutrient supply, hormonal supply, and has
achieved new homeostasis. Cells are alive but have diminished function and may lead to cellular death.
Atrophy examples - (ANSWER)Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the thymus gland during childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
Hypertrophy - (ANSWER)Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to increase in size of organ. Caused by
hormonal stimulation or increased functional demand.
Hypertrophy examples - (ANSWER)physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal hypertrophy when a person does
heavy work or weight lifting / when a kidney is surgically removed, the other kidney increases in size
pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an increased workload in hypertensive patients /
*left ventricular hypertrophy*
Hyperplasia - (ANSWER)Increase in NUMBER of cells. Results from increased rate of mitosis. Can ONLY
happen in cells that are capable of mitosis (cell division).
Hyperplasia examples - (ANSWER)1. Thickening of skin because of hyperplasia of epidermal cells.
2. Hormonal hyperplasia- occurs in estrogen dependent organs like uterus and breast.
3. Compensatory hyperplasia- liver regenerates, callus on skin
4. Pathologic hyperplasia- estrogen is unopposed by progesterone and the endometrial lining undergoes
hyperplasia and increased risk for endometrial cancer
Dysplasia - (ANSWER)abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of mature cells due to
persistent, severe cell injury or irritation
, Nurs 5315: Adv Patho Exam 1 / NURS 5315 UTA Exam 1 questions and answers with solutions
Dysplasia examples - (ANSWER)Pre cancer pap smears often show dysplastic cells of the cervix that must
undergo treatment.
Metaplasia - (ANSWER)Changed cell that is REVERSIBLE (one cell is replaced by another cell). Exposure
to chronic stressors, injury or irritation, like smoking or hydrochloric acid from heart burn
Metaplasia examples - (ANSWER)Most common is change from columnar cells to squamous cells
(chronic smokers).
Less common is change from squamous to columnar cells, like in Barrett Esophagus caused by heart
burn.
Carcinoma in situ - (ANSWER)Pre-invasive epithelial malignant tumors of glandular or squamous origin.
Sites including cervix, skin, oral cavity, esophagus, and bronchus
Hypoxic injury - (ANSWER)1. Decrease in oxygen in the air (high altitudes, asphyxiation, drowning)
2. Loss of hemoglobin function (hemorrhage or sickle cell anemia)
3. Decrease in production of red blood cells (anemia or leukemia)
4. Diseases of cardiopulmonary systems (ischemia, blood supply loss, arteriosclerosis)
Hypoxic injury clinical manifestations - (ANSWER)1. Increased CK (muscle and heart)
2. Increased LDH (muscle, liver, lung, heart, RBC, brain)
3. Increased ALT and AST (liver)
4. Increased troponin (heart)
Reperfusion injury - (ANSWER)Oxygen supply is restored to ischemic tissues. Triggers oxygen
intermediates which causes cell membrane damage and mitochondrial calcium overload.
Xanthine dehydrogenase --> xanthine oxidate. This makes large amounts of free radicals, superoxide,
and hydrogen peroxide. Causes cell membrane damage and *mitochondrial calcium overload*
