NUR 004 COMPREHENSIVE TEST EXAM 2 2026
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ Heat Production. Answer: Heat is generated by metabolic
processes in the core tissues of the body, transferred to the skin
surface by circulating blood, and then dispersed to the environment.
Basal metabolic rate
Rate of energy utilization required to maintain essential functions
Muscular activity
All muscle activity produces heat
Any movement produces heat
Epinephrine
When your body needs additional heat it will release this rapidly to
alter your metabolism that way the energy production decreases
and the heat production increases
Stimulating effects on metabolic rate
◉ Heat Loss. Answer: Radiation
Conduction
Convention
Evaporation
Respiration
,◉ Radiation. Answer: Transfer of heat without contact
Most significant and most common
Heat from core body tissues is transported in blood to subcutaneous
vessels, where heat is lost to the environment through radiation.
Ex. A person without a hat in cold weather loses heat through the
top of their head
◉ Conduction. Answer: Transfer of heat from one surface to another
with direct contact
Ex. An icepack on your back so the icepack melts
◉ Convention. Answer: Dispersion of heat by air currents
Ex. A fan blowing across a warm body
◉ Evaporation. Answer: Transfer of heat energy when liquid is
changed to gas
◉ Respiration. Answer: Cool air inhaled and warmed then exhaled
◉ What is the primary site for heat loss?. Answer: Skin is the
primary site for heat loss
,◉ Factors Affecting Body Temperature. Answer: Age
Circadian Rhythms
Exercise
Hormones
Stress
Environment
◉ Age Affecting Body Temperature. Answer: Infants affected by
environment
Child's temperature more variable until puberty
Elderly at risk for hypothermia
Inadequate diet
Loss of subcutaneous fat
Lack of activity
Reduced thermoregulatory efficiency (this is a normal part of aging)
Sensitive to extremes in environmental temperature
Have a lower average body temperature than younger adults which
puts them at risk for being more sensitive to extreme temperatures
Children all the way up til puberty are more susceptible to changes
in temperature due to environment
◉ Circadian rhythm Affecting Body Temperature. Answer:
Temperature lowest in morning...1-4 am
, Highest in late afternoon...4-8pm
A patients body temperature may vary up to 1ᵒ C or 1.8 ᵒ F
◉ Hormones Affecting Body Temperature. Answer: Female
progesterone secretion during ovulation raises body temp by 0.5ᵒ -
1ᵒ F above basal
Menopause- "hot flashes"
◉ Stress Affecting Body Temperature. Answer: Physical and
emotional stress increase body temperature
Increasing metabolic activity and heat production
◉ Environment Affecting Body Temperature. Answer: Infants, older
adults
◉ Assessment for Thermoregulation. Answer: Body temperature -
Celsius or Fahrenheit
Oral - wait 30 minutes after smoking, eating or drinking
Rectal - lubricate
Contraindicated for patients with diarrhea, disease or surgery of the
rectum, immunosuppression, clotting disorders, or significant
hemorrhoids.
Tympanic - ear canal
Axillary - preferred for newborns
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ Heat Production. Answer: Heat is generated by metabolic
processes in the core tissues of the body, transferred to the skin
surface by circulating blood, and then dispersed to the environment.
Basal metabolic rate
Rate of energy utilization required to maintain essential functions
Muscular activity
All muscle activity produces heat
Any movement produces heat
Epinephrine
When your body needs additional heat it will release this rapidly to
alter your metabolism that way the energy production decreases
and the heat production increases
Stimulating effects on metabolic rate
◉ Heat Loss. Answer: Radiation
Conduction
Convention
Evaporation
Respiration
,◉ Radiation. Answer: Transfer of heat without contact
Most significant and most common
Heat from core body tissues is transported in blood to subcutaneous
vessels, where heat is lost to the environment through radiation.
Ex. A person without a hat in cold weather loses heat through the
top of their head
◉ Conduction. Answer: Transfer of heat from one surface to another
with direct contact
Ex. An icepack on your back so the icepack melts
◉ Convention. Answer: Dispersion of heat by air currents
Ex. A fan blowing across a warm body
◉ Evaporation. Answer: Transfer of heat energy when liquid is
changed to gas
◉ Respiration. Answer: Cool air inhaled and warmed then exhaled
◉ What is the primary site for heat loss?. Answer: Skin is the
primary site for heat loss
,◉ Factors Affecting Body Temperature. Answer: Age
Circadian Rhythms
Exercise
Hormones
Stress
Environment
◉ Age Affecting Body Temperature. Answer: Infants affected by
environment
Child's temperature more variable until puberty
Elderly at risk for hypothermia
Inadequate diet
Loss of subcutaneous fat
Lack of activity
Reduced thermoregulatory efficiency (this is a normal part of aging)
Sensitive to extremes in environmental temperature
Have a lower average body temperature than younger adults which
puts them at risk for being more sensitive to extreme temperatures
Children all the way up til puberty are more susceptible to changes
in temperature due to environment
◉ Circadian rhythm Affecting Body Temperature. Answer:
Temperature lowest in morning...1-4 am
, Highest in late afternoon...4-8pm
A patients body temperature may vary up to 1ᵒ C or 1.8 ᵒ F
◉ Hormones Affecting Body Temperature. Answer: Female
progesterone secretion during ovulation raises body temp by 0.5ᵒ -
1ᵒ F above basal
Menopause- "hot flashes"
◉ Stress Affecting Body Temperature. Answer: Physical and
emotional stress increase body temperature
Increasing metabolic activity and heat production
◉ Environment Affecting Body Temperature. Answer: Infants, older
adults
◉ Assessment for Thermoregulation. Answer: Body temperature -
Celsius or Fahrenheit
Oral - wait 30 minutes after smoking, eating or drinking
Rectal - lubricate
Contraindicated for patients with diarrhea, disease or surgery of the
rectum, immunosuppression, clotting disorders, or significant
hemorrhoids.
Tympanic - ear canal
Axillary - preferred for newborns
