NUR 004 FINAL PAPER EXAM 2 2026 FULL
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
GRADED A+
◉ Means of Transmission. Answer: Contact
Airborne
Droplet
Vectors
◉ Contact means of transmission. Answer: Direct contact- When the
bacteria/virus goes directly from contact to the body
Indirect contact- When the bacteria/virus goes onto something
other than the human body and then to a human body after a person
touches it
Ingestion- Gets into your GI tract
◉ Droplet means of transmission. Answer: When the bacteria/virus
is when you sneeze and the droplets from your sneeze carry the
bacteria/virus
Most common bug transmitted this way is influenza
,◉ Airborne means of Transmission. Answer: When the
bacteria/virus lives in the air and you inhale it
Ex. TB
◉ Vectors. Answer: Nonhuman carriers that transmit organisms by
injecting salivary fluid
Ex. Ticks that carry Lyme disease
Mosquitos that carry Ebola
Dogs that carry rabies
◉ Portals of Entry. Answer: Point at which organisms enter the new
host
Usually the same as the portal of exit
So if they sneezed it comes out their mouth and will usually be
entered through the mouth
◉ Susceptible Host. Answer: Host has to be susceptible to the
pathogen to get infected
Susceptibility- The degree of resistance of the potential host of to the
pathogen
Integrity of skin and mucous membranes is your best defense
Keep these intact
pH levels
If it is out of whack it can make us more susceptible
,Age, sex, race
All change susceptibility to different pathogens
Immunizations
Stress/Fatigue
The more stressed you are the more susceptible to disease
Invasive/indwelling devices
Pull them out as soon as you can
Health habits
Nutrition/ water
Exercise
◉ Infectious Process. Answer: Incubation phase
Prodromal phase
Full stage of illness
Convalescent period
◉ Incubation phase. Answer: The time between when the bug enters
the body and when symptoms start to appear
The length depends on the bug but can be days to weeks
◉ Prodromal phase. Answer: When the person is most infectious
They may have vague symptoms
, Usually fatigue or malaise
◉ Full stage of illness. Answer: You know that you are sick now and
symptoms start to appear more specifically
Localized vs. Systemic
Localized- Where the pathogen invaded like an infected wound
Systemic- When the pathogen is invading systemically
◉ Convalescent Period. Answer: When the s/s start to disappear
Hopefully you return back to your baseline healthy state but there
may be permanent damage depending on the pathogen and degree
of illness
◉ Defense Against Infection. Answer: Intact skin and mucous
membranes
Nasal passages - cilia (nose hairs) that keep pathogens from getting
into your nose
Lungs - macrophages and cilia in the trachea
Mouth - saliva actually helps kill bacteria
Eye - tears are your body's natural defense to flush your eye out
from pathogens
GI tract - acidity of stomach, flora in large intestine, peristalsis helps
move patogens along so they do not settle
Vagina- pH helps pathogens stay away, public hair helps
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
GRADED A+
◉ Means of Transmission. Answer: Contact
Airborne
Droplet
Vectors
◉ Contact means of transmission. Answer: Direct contact- When the
bacteria/virus goes directly from contact to the body
Indirect contact- When the bacteria/virus goes onto something
other than the human body and then to a human body after a person
touches it
Ingestion- Gets into your GI tract
◉ Droplet means of transmission. Answer: When the bacteria/virus
is when you sneeze and the droplets from your sneeze carry the
bacteria/virus
Most common bug transmitted this way is influenza
,◉ Airborne means of Transmission. Answer: When the
bacteria/virus lives in the air and you inhale it
Ex. TB
◉ Vectors. Answer: Nonhuman carriers that transmit organisms by
injecting salivary fluid
Ex. Ticks that carry Lyme disease
Mosquitos that carry Ebola
Dogs that carry rabies
◉ Portals of Entry. Answer: Point at which organisms enter the new
host
Usually the same as the portal of exit
So if they sneezed it comes out their mouth and will usually be
entered through the mouth
◉ Susceptible Host. Answer: Host has to be susceptible to the
pathogen to get infected
Susceptibility- The degree of resistance of the potential host of to the
pathogen
Integrity of skin and mucous membranes is your best defense
Keep these intact
pH levels
If it is out of whack it can make us more susceptible
,Age, sex, race
All change susceptibility to different pathogens
Immunizations
Stress/Fatigue
The more stressed you are the more susceptible to disease
Invasive/indwelling devices
Pull them out as soon as you can
Health habits
Nutrition/ water
Exercise
◉ Infectious Process. Answer: Incubation phase
Prodromal phase
Full stage of illness
Convalescent period
◉ Incubation phase. Answer: The time between when the bug enters
the body and when symptoms start to appear
The length depends on the bug but can be days to weeks
◉ Prodromal phase. Answer: When the person is most infectious
They may have vague symptoms
, Usually fatigue or malaise
◉ Full stage of illness. Answer: You know that you are sick now and
symptoms start to appear more specifically
Localized vs. Systemic
Localized- Where the pathogen invaded like an infected wound
Systemic- When the pathogen is invading systemically
◉ Convalescent Period. Answer: When the s/s start to disappear
Hopefully you return back to your baseline healthy state but there
may be permanent damage depending on the pathogen and degree
of illness
◉ Defense Against Infection. Answer: Intact skin and mucous
membranes
Nasal passages - cilia (nose hairs) that keep pathogens from getting
into your nose
Lungs - macrophages and cilia in the trachea
Mouth - saliva actually helps kill bacteria
Eye - tears are your body's natural defense to flush your eye out
from pathogens
GI tract - acidity of stomach, flora in large intestine, peristalsis helps
move patogens along so they do not settle
Vagina- pH helps pathogens stay away, public hair helps
