BIOS 252 COMPREHENSIVE EXAM
(2025) QUESTIONS AND (elaborated)
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
what are the 9 abdominopelvic regions?*left hypochondriac
*epigastric
*right hypochondriac
*left lumbar
*umbilical
*right lumbar
*left inguinal (iliac)
*hypogastric
*right inguinal (iliac)
what are the 11 organ systems *nervous
*respiratory
*endocrine
*digestive
*muscular
*reproductive
*circulatory
*integumentary
*skeletal
*lymphatic
*urinary
function of nervous system transmits signals from the brain to the rest of the body
function of respiratory system brings oxygen into the body while removing carbon dioxide
function of endocrine system regulates body activities by releasing harmones
function of digestive system break down and absorbs nutrients from food and liquid and
removes waste
function of muscular system movement and heat production
function of reproductive system creates offspring and releases hormones to regulate reproduction
function of circulatory system deliver blood to cells of the body
,function of integumentary system *protection
*vitamin D synthesis
*sensation
*thermoregulation
*nonverbal communication
function of lymphatic system to produce, maintain, and distribute lymphocytes
function of urinary system *elimination of excess water and waste
*control of pH
definition of homeostasis the maintenance of a constant internal environment
define a negative feedback loop changes are met with responses that restore the balance back to the
original state
define a positive feedback loop changes are met with responses that amplify themselves until
balance is restored
describe a covalent bond *typically between nonmetals
*form through the sharing of electrons
*there are 2 different types of these bonds: polar covalent and nonpolar covalent
describe a polar covalent bond when one atom in a bond has a higher electronegativity causing the
electrons to be shared unequally
describe an ionic bond *typically between metals and nonmetals
*form through the transfer of electrons
*form between cations (+) and anions (-)
describe a hydrogen bond weak bond between a hydrogen atom and a pair of other atoms that
have a high affinity for electrons
describe a synthesis reaction *occurs when two or more simple compounds combine to form a
more complicated one
*requires energy (endothermic)
describe a decomposition reaction *occurs when a complex molecule breaks down to make
simpler ones
*releases energy (exothermic)
define a reactant start the reaction
define a product what you're left with after a reaction
what are 2 characteristics of an acid *willing to give up an H+ ion
*has a ph of <7
, what are 2 characteristics of a neutral *can function as either an acid or a base
*has a ph of 7
what are 2 characteristics of a base (alkaline) *accepts H+ ion
*has a ph >7
what is the ph of blood 7.35-7.45
function of nucleus directs cell activity and contains DNA
function of nucleolus ribosome synthesis
function of golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins set for their destination
function of mitochondria ATP production
function of lysosomes intracellular digestion, cell death (apoptosis)
function of ribosomes protein synthesis
function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum lipid synthesis
function of rough endoplasmic reticulum protein and lipid synthesis
function of cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell
what is active transport *low to high concentration
*requires ATP
what are 2 types of active transport *endocytosis- inside the cell
*exocytosis- outside the cell
what is passive transport *high to low concentration
*doesn't require ATP
what are 2 types of passive transport *osmosis
*simple diffusion
what is facilitated diffusion the passive movement of a particle across a cell membrane via a
channel protein
2 types of chromosomes in the human cell *diploid (46, mitosis)
*haploid (23, meiosis)
what are the 6 steps of mitosis 1. interphase
2. prophase
3. metaphase
4. anaphase
5. telophase
(2025) QUESTIONS AND (elaborated)
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
what are the 9 abdominopelvic regions?*left hypochondriac
*epigastric
*right hypochondriac
*left lumbar
*umbilical
*right lumbar
*left inguinal (iliac)
*hypogastric
*right inguinal (iliac)
what are the 11 organ systems *nervous
*respiratory
*endocrine
*digestive
*muscular
*reproductive
*circulatory
*integumentary
*skeletal
*lymphatic
*urinary
function of nervous system transmits signals from the brain to the rest of the body
function of respiratory system brings oxygen into the body while removing carbon dioxide
function of endocrine system regulates body activities by releasing harmones
function of digestive system break down and absorbs nutrients from food and liquid and
removes waste
function of muscular system movement and heat production
function of reproductive system creates offspring and releases hormones to regulate reproduction
function of circulatory system deliver blood to cells of the body
,function of integumentary system *protection
*vitamin D synthesis
*sensation
*thermoregulation
*nonverbal communication
function of lymphatic system to produce, maintain, and distribute lymphocytes
function of urinary system *elimination of excess water and waste
*control of pH
definition of homeostasis the maintenance of a constant internal environment
define a negative feedback loop changes are met with responses that restore the balance back to the
original state
define a positive feedback loop changes are met with responses that amplify themselves until
balance is restored
describe a covalent bond *typically between nonmetals
*form through the sharing of electrons
*there are 2 different types of these bonds: polar covalent and nonpolar covalent
describe a polar covalent bond when one atom in a bond has a higher electronegativity causing the
electrons to be shared unequally
describe an ionic bond *typically between metals and nonmetals
*form through the transfer of electrons
*form between cations (+) and anions (-)
describe a hydrogen bond weak bond between a hydrogen atom and a pair of other atoms that
have a high affinity for electrons
describe a synthesis reaction *occurs when two or more simple compounds combine to form a
more complicated one
*requires energy (endothermic)
describe a decomposition reaction *occurs when a complex molecule breaks down to make
simpler ones
*releases energy (exothermic)
define a reactant start the reaction
define a product what you're left with after a reaction
what are 2 characteristics of an acid *willing to give up an H+ ion
*has a ph of <7
, what are 2 characteristics of a neutral *can function as either an acid or a base
*has a ph of 7
what are 2 characteristics of a base (alkaline) *accepts H+ ion
*has a ph >7
what is the ph of blood 7.35-7.45
function of nucleus directs cell activity and contains DNA
function of nucleolus ribosome synthesis
function of golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins set for their destination
function of mitochondria ATP production
function of lysosomes intracellular digestion, cell death (apoptosis)
function of ribosomes protein synthesis
function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum lipid synthesis
function of rough endoplasmic reticulum protein and lipid synthesis
function of cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell
what is active transport *low to high concentration
*requires ATP
what are 2 types of active transport *endocytosis- inside the cell
*exocytosis- outside the cell
what is passive transport *high to low concentration
*doesn't require ATP
what are 2 types of passive transport *osmosis
*simple diffusion
what is facilitated diffusion the passive movement of a particle across a cell membrane via a
channel protein
2 types of chromosomes in the human cell *diploid (46, mitosis)
*haploid (23, meiosis)
what are the 6 steps of mitosis 1. interphase
2. prophase
3. metaphase
4. anaphase
5. telophase
