PN 2003 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2026
Insulin - ANS A protein hormone secreted by the pancreas that is essential for the
metabolism of carbohydrates and the regulation of glucose levels in the blood.
insulin independence - ANS Ability of a client's own naturally produced insulin to regulate
blood glucose levels within consistently normal ranges.
insulin resistance - ANS the inability of the cells to respond to insulin
What is hyperglycemia? - ANS high blood glucose levels
what are signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia - ANS Polyphagia, polydipsia, polyuria,
fatigue, and blurred vision - later signs include pruritis, dry mouth, confusion, fruity odor of the
breath, abdominal pain, or coma.
What is hypoglycemia? - ANS low blood glucose levels
what are signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia - ANS Shakiness, anxiety, nervousness,
diaphoresis, palpitations, coldness, and a headache - late signs include seizures, loss of
consciousness, and death.
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
1
,What is Alzheimer's disease? - ANS Dementia that is characterized behaviorally by
anterograde amnesia (can remember the past but cannot form new memories). Visual memory
is also impaired, leading to confusion with regard to orientation.
Stages of Alzheimer's Disease - ANS Stage 1. No apparent symptoms
Stage 2. Forgetfulness
Stage 3. Mild cognitive decline
Stage 4. Mild-to-moderate cognitive decline
Stage 5. Moderate cognitive decline
Stage 6. Moderate-to-severe cognitive decline
Stage 7. Severe cognitive decline
what are characteristics of vascular dementia? - ANS Vascular Dementia is caused by small
cerebral infarctions. Brain damage may be local or systemic, the onset is more rapid, and the
disease progresses more predictably
onset of cognitive deficits associated with stroke
- abrupt onset of signs and symptoms
- infarctions are seen on cerebral imaging
caused by damage to the brain from small infarctions
caused by circulatory problems with insufficient blood flow and oxygen reaching the brain
Risk factors include
- smoking - vasoconstriction constricts the flow of blood to the brain
- hypertension
- hyperlipidemia - atherosclerosis causes narrowed blood flow to brain
- inactivity
- history of stoke or cardiovascular disease
What is dementia? S&S? What is front temporal dementia? - ANS Dementia is an irreversible,
progressive impairment in cognitive function, affecting
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
2
, - memory
- orientation
- judgement
- reasoning
- attention span
- language and problem-solving skills
1. Memory Impairment
2. Aphasia: difficulty speaking
3. Apraxia: speech muscle impairment
4. Agnosia: inability to recognize faces, objects, or places
5. Disturbance in executive functioning
Signs and symptoms of dementia - ANS Impairment in abstract thinking, judgment, and
impulse control
Disregard for the conventional rules of social conduct
Neglect of personal appearance and hygiene
Language may or may not be affected
Personality changes are common
what is frontal temporal dementia - ANS Frontal Temporal Dementia is characterized by
neuronal atrophy affecting the frontal lobes of the brain rather neurofibrillary tangles and
plaques as seen in Alzheimer's.
- shrinking of the frontal lobes of the brain
changes in frontal temporal dementia - ANS Language Abnormalities
- logorrhea: unfocused speech
- echolalia: spontaneous repetition of words/phrases
- palilalia: compulsive repetition of phrases
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
3
ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2026
Insulin - ANS A protein hormone secreted by the pancreas that is essential for the
metabolism of carbohydrates and the regulation of glucose levels in the blood.
insulin independence - ANS Ability of a client's own naturally produced insulin to regulate
blood glucose levels within consistently normal ranges.
insulin resistance - ANS the inability of the cells to respond to insulin
What is hyperglycemia? - ANS high blood glucose levels
what are signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia - ANS Polyphagia, polydipsia, polyuria,
fatigue, and blurred vision - later signs include pruritis, dry mouth, confusion, fruity odor of the
breath, abdominal pain, or coma.
What is hypoglycemia? - ANS low blood glucose levels
what are signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia - ANS Shakiness, anxiety, nervousness,
diaphoresis, palpitations, coldness, and a headache - late signs include seizures, loss of
consciousness, and death.
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
1
,What is Alzheimer's disease? - ANS Dementia that is characterized behaviorally by
anterograde amnesia (can remember the past but cannot form new memories). Visual memory
is also impaired, leading to confusion with regard to orientation.
Stages of Alzheimer's Disease - ANS Stage 1. No apparent symptoms
Stage 2. Forgetfulness
Stage 3. Mild cognitive decline
Stage 4. Mild-to-moderate cognitive decline
Stage 5. Moderate cognitive decline
Stage 6. Moderate-to-severe cognitive decline
Stage 7. Severe cognitive decline
what are characteristics of vascular dementia? - ANS Vascular Dementia is caused by small
cerebral infarctions. Brain damage may be local or systemic, the onset is more rapid, and the
disease progresses more predictably
onset of cognitive deficits associated with stroke
- abrupt onset of signs and symptoms
- infarctions are seen on cerebral imaging
caused by damage to the brain from small infarctions
caused by circulatory problems with insufficient blood flow and oxygen reaching the brain
Risk factors include
- smoking - vasoconstriction constricts the flow of blood to the brain
- hypertension
- hyperlipidemia - atherosclerosis causes narrowed blood flow to brain
- inactivity
- history of stoke or cardiovascular disease
What is dementia? S&S? What is front temporal dementia? - ANS Dementia is an irreversible,
progressive impairment in cognitive function, affecting
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
2
, - memory
- orientation
- judgement
- reasoning
- attention span
- language and problem-solving skills
1. Memory Impairment
2. Aphasia: difficulty speaking
3. Apraxia: speech muscle impairment
4. Agnosia: inability to recognize faces, objects, or places
5. Disturbance in executive functioning
Signs and symptoms of dementia - ANS Impairment in abstract thinking, judgment, and
impulse control
Disregard for the conventional rules of social conduct
Neglect of personal appearance and hygiene
Language may or may not be affected
Personality changes are common
what is frontal temporal dementia - ANS Frontal Temporal Dementia is characterized by
neuronal atrophy affecting the frontal lobes of the brain rather neurofibrillary tangles and
plaques as seen in Alzheimer's.
- shrinking of the frontal lobes of the brain
changes in frontal temporal dementia - ANS Language Abnormalities
- logorrhea: unfocused speech
- echolalia: spontaneous repetition of words/phrases
- palilalia: compulsive repetition of phrases
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
3
