PNH 401 TEST1 EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2026
What is fluid and electrolyte imbalance commonly associated with? - ANS Major illnesses or
injuries as homeostasis becomes disrupted.
What are the key electrolytes monitored in fluid balance? - ANS Potassium (K⁺), Magnesium
(Mg²⁺), Calcium (Ca²⁺), and Sodium (Na⁺).
What does I&O stand for in monitoring fluid balance? - ANS Intake and Output.
What vital signs are monitored for fluid and electrolyte balance? - ANS Blood pressure, pulse
strength, and jugular venous pressure (JVP).
What is the normal range for potassium (K⁺) levels? - ANS 3.5-5.0 mmol/L.
What are the manifestations of hyperkalemia? - ANS Irritability, anxiety, abdominal cramping,
muscle weakness, paresthesia, irregular pulse, and cardiac arrhythmias.
What critical potassium level requires immediate intervention? - ANS >5.5 mmol/L.
What is the normal sodium (Na⁺) range? - ANS 136-145 mmol/L.
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
1
, What are the symptoms of hypernatremia? - ANS Thirst, dry mucous membranes, confusion,
restlessness, and seizures.
What is the treatment for hyponatremia? - ANS Fluid restriction for dilutional cases and
hypertonic saline for severe cases.
What is the normal magnesium (Mg²⁺) range? - ANS 1.5-2.5 mmol/L.
What are the manifestations of hypomagnesemia? - ANS Muscle cramps, tremors, seizures,
and cardiac arrhythmias.
What type of IV fluids are isotonic solutions used for? - ANS To expand extracellular fluid
(ECF) volume without shifting water.
What is the purpose of hypotonic solutions in IV therapy? - ANS To move water into cells for
cellular dehydration.
What are plasma expanders used for? - ANS To remain in the vascular space for extended
periods and treat significant blood or plasma volume loss.
What is a key principle of pain management? - ANS Everyone has the right to pain
assessment and management.
What are systemic effects of unrelieved pain on the endocrine system? - ANS Increased
cortisol, ADH, epinephrine; decreased insulin.
What is equianalgesic dosing? - ANS Converting one analgesic dose to another that produces
equivalent relief.
What are the two types of analgesics? - ANS Non-Opioids and Opioids.
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
2
ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2026
What is fluid and electrolyte imbalance commonly associated with? - ANS Major illnesses or
injuries as homeostasis becomes disrupted.
What are the key electrolytes monitored in fluid balance? - ANS Potassium (K⁺), Magnesium
(Mg²⁺), Calcium (Ca²⁺), and Sodium (Na⁺).
What does I&O stand for in monitoring fluid balance? - ANS Intake and Output.
What vital signs are monitored for fluid and electrolyte balance? - ANS Blood pressure, pulse
strength, and jugular venous pressure (JVP).
What is the normal range for potassium (K⁺) levels? - ANS 3.5-5.0 mmol/L.
What are the manifestations of hyperkalemia? - ANS Irritability, anxiety, abdominal cramping,
muscle weakness, paresthesia, irregular pulse, and cardiac arrhythmias.
What critical potassium level requires immediate intervention? - ANS >5.5 mmol/L.
What is the normal sodium (Na⁺) range? - ANS 136-145 mmol/L.
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
1
, What are the symptoms of hypernatremia? - ANS Thirst, dry mucous membranes, confusion,
restlessness, and seizures.
What is the treatment for hyponatremia? - ANS Fluid restriction for dilutional cases and
hypertonic saline for severe cases.
What is the normal magnesium (Mg²⁺) range? - ANS 1.5-2.5 mmol/L.
What are the manifestations of hypomagnesemia? - ANS Muscle cramps, tremors, seizures,
and cardiac arrhythmias.
What type of IV fluids are isotonic solutions used for? - ANS To expand extracellular fluid
(ECF) volume without shifting water.
What is the purpose of hypotonic solutions in IV therapy? - ANS To move water into cells for
cellular dehydration.
What are plasma expanders used for? - ANS To remain in the vascular space for extended
periods and treat significant blood or plasma volume loss.
What is a key principle of pain management? - ANS Everyone has the right to pain
assessment and management.
What are systemic effects of unrelieved pain on the endocrine system? - ANS Increased
cortisol, ADH, epinephrine; decreased insulin.
What is equianalgesic dosing? - ANS Converting one analgesic dose to another that produces
equivalent relief.
What are the two types of analgesics? - ANS Non-Opioids and Opioids.
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
2
