NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology, University of Texas at Arlington, 2025/2026 – Exam 1 Questions with Verified Answers

NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology UTA Exam 1
(Latest Update) real Questions and Verified
Answers | 100% Correct | Already Graded A+.


1. What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause?: Heart disease, Alzheimers, Par
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kinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease, HTN, HLD, DM, isch
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emic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid perioxidation, damage proteins, fragment D
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NA, less *protein synthesis*, chromatin destruction, damage mitochondria
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2. What is the body's defense against ROS?: Antioxidants (Vitamin E, Vitamin
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C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
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3. How are free radicals produced?: 1. Normal cellular respiration
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2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
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3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides A A A A A A



4. Transition of metals A A



5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
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4. action potential: Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the neuron --
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> the neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
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5. Threshold potential: Point at which depolarization must reach in order to i
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nitiate an action potential
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6. Hypokalemia and action potentials: HYPERpolarized (more negative, ex. - A A A A A A A A



100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability: weakness, smooth mu
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scle atony, paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias
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7. Hyperkalemia and action potentials: HYPOpolarized (more positive, ex: A A A A A A A A



closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
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When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac standstill,
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paresthesia, paralysis A




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8. Hypocalcemia and action potentials: Increased permeability to Na+. More A A A A A A A A A



excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia, seizures, dysrhythmias.
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9. Hypercalcemia and action potentials: Decreased permeability to Na+. A A A A A A A A



Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion, encephal
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opathy, depressed T waves A A A




10. Atrophy: Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure, use, blood s
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upply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once the cell has de
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creased in size, it has now compensated for decreased blood supply, nerve suppl
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y, nutrient supply, hormonal supply, and has achieved new homeostasis. Cells ar
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e alive but have diminished function and may lead to cellular death.
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11. Atrophy examples: Physiologic atrophy- A A A



shrinking of the thymus gland during childhood.
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Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
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12. Hypertrophy: Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to increase in size of o A A A A A A A A A A A A A A



rgan. Caused by hormonal stimulation or increased functional demand.
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13 Hypertrophy examples: physiologic hypertrophy-
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skeletal hypertrophy when a person does heavy work or weight lifting / when a kidn
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ey is surgically removed, the other kidney increases in size
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pathologic hypertrophy- A



Acardiomegaly results from an increased workload in hypertensive patients / *left ven
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tricular hypertrophy* A




14. Hyperplasia: Increase in NUMBER of cells. Results from increased rate of A A A A A A A A A A A



mitosis. Can ONLY happen in cells that are capable of mitosis (cell division).
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15. Hyperplasia examples: 1. Thickening of skin because of hyperplasia of A A A A A A A A A A



epidermal cells. A




2. Hormonal hyperplasia- A



occurs in estrogen dependent organs like uterus and breast.
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