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CMN 148 Exam 2 – 180 Questions & Answers on The Second Machine Age, Digitalization & Winner-Take-All Markets | Communication Studies 2026

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This document contains approximately 180 verified exam questions and answers for CMN 148 Exam 2 (2026), focusing on The Second Machine Age and the economic, technological, and social transformations driven by digital innovation. The material thoroughly covers concepts such as social development (Morris), the Steam Revolution, Moore’s Law, exponential growth, digitization, combinatorial innovation, and the transition from the first to the second machine age. The review examines major theoretical frameworks including Moravec’s Paradox, General Purpose Technologies, Schumpeter’s theory of innovation, Gordon’s debate on growth, technological unemployment (Keynes), and productivity arguments by Krugman. It also explores digital economics concepts such as non-rival goods, zero marginal cost reproduction, winner-take-all markets, power law income distributions, network effects, superstar economics, and job polarization (routine vs. non-routine, cognitive vs. manual work). Real-world examples include Deep Blue vs. Kasparov, DARPA autonomous vehicles, ASCI Red vs. PlayStation 3, SLAM and Kinect, Kodak vs. Instagram, and automation in call centers. Additionally, the document addresses income inequality trends, globalization and factor price equalization, automation’s impact on developing economies, and the shifting value of human skills such as ideation, complex communication, and broad-frame pattern recognition (Levy & Murnane). Educational implications are examined through topics such as SOLEs, the Collegiate Learning Assessment (CLA), Khan Academy, and career advice from Hal Varian regarding complementing automation. The review concludes with discussions of technological singularity, machine intelligence, systemic risks in complex systems, and the ethical responsibilities of technological advancement. This material is particularly relevant for students enrolled in Communication Studies, Media and Technology, Digital Culture, Sociology of Technology, Political Economy of Media, Information Society, and Innovation & Society courses. It is also valuable for students in Business, Economics, and Public Policy programs studying digital transformation and labor market change. The content is closely linked to the textbook “The Second Machine Age” by Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee, especially chapters addressing exponential technological progress, digital economics, inequality, automation, and the future of work. Keywords: second machine age concepts, social development morris, steam revolution industrial transformation, moores law exponential growth, moravecs paradox robotics, digitalization non rival goods, zero marginal cost reproduction, general purpose technologies, schumpeter innovation theory, gordon growth debate, technological unemployment keynes, productivity krugman argument, winner take all markets, power law income distribution, network effects digital markets, job polarization routine non routine, deep blue kasparov match, kodak instagram example, automation globalization labor markets, ideation complex communication skills

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CMN 148 EXAM 2 2026 Exam
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Social Development (Morris) - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔A group's ability to master its

physical and intellectual environment to get things done over time


The Steam Revolution (Morris) - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔- The industrial revolution

marks the biggest/fastest transformation in human history

- Allowed us to overcome the limitations of muscle power, human and

animal, and generate massive amounts of useful energy at will

,The Second Machine Age - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Computers and other digital

advances are doing for mental power (the ability to use our brains to

understand and shape our environment)

- What the steam engine and its descendants did for muscle power.


The 3 "broad conclusions" the author made - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔- We're living

in a time of astonishing progress with digital technologies - Ones that have

computer hardware, software, and networks at their core (not brand new,

but have refined our digital engines)

- The transformation brought about by digital technology will be profoundly

beneficial ones - Increases variety and volume of our consumption

- Digitalization is going to bring it with some thorny challenges (economic

rather than environmental disruption and replacement of workers with

computers)

There's never been a better time to be one kind of worker, and a worse

time to be another - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔There's never been a worse time to be

a worker with only ordinary skills and abilities to offer because computers,

robots, and other digital technologies are acquiring these skills and abilities

at an extraordinary rate

,What computers are good/bad at - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Computers are good at

following rules:

- Information processing tasks

- Algorithms are simplifications; they can't and don't take everything into

account include the most common and important things

- Predicting payback rates

Computers are bad at pattern recognition:

- Information processing tasks that can't be boiled down to rules or

algorithms (no human capacity for pattern recognition)


DARPA and story about the car - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔- Defense Advanced

Research Projects Agency

- DARPA Grand Challenge for driverless cars:

Built a completely autonomous vehicle that could complete a 150-mile

course through California's Mojave Desert

- No car really made it that far: The winning car made it about 7.4 miles

before veering off the course




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, Human advantages besides pattern recognition - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔-

Complex communication will stay a human part of the division of labor

- The possibility of exchanging information with a computer rather than

another human is a long way off


Siri's troubles - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔- If it didn't understand what was said, it

would ask for repeated clarifications and gave strange or inaccurate

answers

- ex: Where is Elvis buried? Could not answer because it thought the name

was "Elvis Buried"


Tom Mitchell's claims (Carnegie Mellon) - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔"We're at the

beginning of a ten-year period where we're going to transition from

computers that can't understand language to a point where computers can

understand quite a bit about language"

Computers' communication abilities compared to humans - 🧠 ANSWER

✔✔- Natural language processing software is still far from perfect, and

computers are not yet as good as people at complex communication

- Computers' communication abilities are not as deep as humans', but are

broader

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