What causes extremely high blood pressure in the glomerular
capillaries?
The diameter of the afferent arteriole is greater than the diameter of the
efferent arteriole. The difference in diameter causes high blood pressure in
the glomerular capillaries.
Describe in detail what happens during an emergency to control the
rate of blood to the kidney.
During these times the renal autoregulatory system is superseded by higher
level nervous system controls. When the nervous system takes over
regulation, the afferent arterioles diameter is narrowed by sympathetic
nerve fibers. The release of the hormone epinephrine by the adrenal
medulla causes a decrease in renal blood flow and decreases the GFR.
Constriction of the renal arteries is only to be used for a short time.
What is countercurrent flow? How does the nephron use this to
maintain homeostasis?
Countercurrent flow is the movement of fluids in opposite directions
through adjacent channels. In the nephron, filtrate flows in one direction
through the renal tubules while blood in the adjacent blood vessels flows in
the opposite direction.
Describe the action of aldosterone on the concentrations of sodium
and hydrogen in the filtration.
Sodium is removed from the filtrate while hydrogen is pumped inside the
filtrate.
Describe the action of aldosterone on the concentrations of sodium
and potassium in the filtrate.
Sodium is pumped out of the filtrate to be returned to the blood while
potassium (K+) is excreted in urine.
, Describe the action of a drug that increases the rate of flow through
the nephron.
This would be a diuretic. When the filtrate moves at a faster rate through
the nephron it allows less time for ions to be removed from the filtrate.
A person is hyperventilating. This falls under what control
mechanism? Explain what hyperventilation accomplishes.
Respiratory control- Hyperventilation is an increase in the respiratory rate,
helping to remove additional CO2. Within minutes increasing amounts of
CO2is removed. Removing CO2 uses up H+ causes the pH to rise (becomes
more alkaline) and restores correct blood pH.
Hypoventilation is a part of what control mechanism? Explain what
hypoventilation accomplishes.
It means that blood ph is rising, respiratory rate is slowing down to addCO2
Your patient was just admitted to the hospital with renal failure. For
the following questions, use the blood values of: pH =7.1, PCO2 = 30
mm, HCO3- = 20 mEq/L
A. Determine if the patient is in acidosis or alkalosis.
B. Is the cause respiratory or metabolic?
C. Is the condition being compensated?
D. If compensated, what is the body doing to compensate?
A. Acidosis (<7.35)
B. Metabolic (HCO3-<22)
C. Yes (PCO2 <35)
D. Hyperventilation to increase CO2 elimination
capillaries?
The diameter of the afferent arteriole is greater than the diameter of the
efferent arteriole. The difference in diameter causes high blood pressure in
the glomerular capillaries.
Describe in detail what happens during an emergency to control the
rate of blood to the kidney.
During these times the renal autoregulatory system is superseded by higher
level nervous system controls. When the nervous system takes over
regulation, the afferent arterioles diameter is narrowed by sympathetic
nerve fibers. The release of the hormone epinephrine by the adrenal
medulla causes a decrease in renal blood flow and decreases the GFR.
Constriction of the renal arteries is only to be used for a short time.
What is countercurrent flow? How does the nephron use this to
maintain homeostasis?
Countercurrent flow is the movement of fluids in opposite directions
through adjacent channels. In the nephron, filtrate flows in one direction
through the renal tubules while blood in the adjacent blood vessels flows in
the opposite direction.
Describe the action of aldosterone on the concentrations of sodium
and hydrogen in the filtration.
Sodium is removed from the filtrate while hydrogen is pumped inside the
filtrate.
Describe the action of aldosterone on the concentrations of sodium
and potassium in the filtrate.
Sodium is pumped out of the filtrate to be returned to the blood while
potassium (K+) is excreted in urine.
, Describe the action of a drug that increases the rate of flow through
the nephron.
This would be a diuretic. When the filtrate moves at a faster rate through
the nephron it allows less time for ions to be removed from the filtrate.
A person is hyperventilating. This falls under what control
mechanism? Explain what hyperventilation accomplishes.
Respiratory control- Hyperventilation is an increase in the respiratory rate,
helping to remove additional CO2. Within minutes increasing amounts of
CO2is removed. Removing CO2 uses up H+ causes the pH to rise (becomes
more alkaline) and restores correct blood pH.
Hypoventilation is a part of what control mechanism? Explain what
hypoventilation accomplishes.
It means that blood ph is rising, respiratory rate is slowing down to addCO2
Your patient was just admitted to the hospital with renal failure. For
the following questions, use the blood values of: pH =7.1, PCO2 = 30
mm, HCO3- = 20 mEq/L
A. Determine if the patient is in acidosis or alkalosis.
B. Is the cause respiratory or metabolic?
C. Is the condition being compensated?
D. If compensated, what is the body doing to compensate?
A. Acidosis (<7.35)
B. Metabolic (HCO3-<22)
C. Yes (PCO2 <35)
D. Hyperventilation to increase CO2 elimination
