NR 228 Exam 2 Review

Fats are the densest form of stored energy What are the fat-soluble vitamins? Fat-soluble vitamins: vitamins A, D, E, and K • Excess stored in body • Deficiencies slower to develop • Greater risk of toxicity What are Essential Fatty Acids? 1. Linolenic acid 2. Linoleic fatty acid The essential nutrients that are triglycerides, which are not created in the body: What is a phospholipid • Phospholipids are lipid compounds that form parts of cells walls and act as fat emulsifiers. It is similar to triglycerides, phospholipids contain fatty acids, but they have only two fatty acids, and the third spot contains a phosphate group. Molecules that makeup the cell membrane. Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules that make up the bilayer of the plasma membrane and keep the membrane fluid. A cell's plasma membrane contains proteins and other lipids (such as cholesterol) within the phospholipid bilayer. Best known as lecithin. What oils constitute monounsaturated fats? Monounsaturated Fatty Acid (oleic Acid) = olive oil, canola oil, peanut oil, safflower oil and sesame oil. Avocado How do Omega 3 fatty acids contribute to health? Main omega-3 fatty acid in fish is eicosatetraenoic acid ( EPA) derived from linolenic acid. Omega-3 fatty acids appear to lower the risk of heart disease by reducing the blood clotting process that can cause blockages in the arteries in the presence of plaques, reduce risk of myocardial infarction and reduce risk of sudden death( arrhythmias ). It reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease. What happens in fat catabolism? • Catabolism breakdown of lipids for energy involves the hydrolu=ysis of triglycerides into two-carbon units that become part of acetyl coenzyme A ( acetyl CoA) Acetyl CoA is an important intermediate by product in metabolism formed from the breakdown of glucose , fatty acids, and certain amino acids. What percentage of fat should be in the diet? • 20 to 35 % of fat in the diet recommended by Dietary Reference Intakes ( DIs) What type of fat increases LDLs and decreases HDLs in the body? Trans fat raises the blood cholesterol component ( Low-density lipoproteins LDLs) that delivers cholesterol throughout the body and may contribute to plaque formation in arteries . Trans fat also decreases the blood cholesterol component ( high -density lipoproteins (HDLs) that removes excess and used cholesterol from the body. What compound distinguishes protein from other nutrients? Nitrogen What are the essential amino acids? How many? Essential amino acids cannot be made by the body. As a result, they must come from food, digested, absorbed and then brought to cells by circulating blood. They are 9 amino acids. What is the RDA for protein? The RDA for protein provides for sufficient intake of the EAAs and enough total protein to provide the amino groups needed to build new NEAAs. Factors that affect the RDA for protein are age, gender, physiologic ste, and sources of protein. The RDA for protein is 0.8 g/kg ( 2.2pounds) What are the functions of proteins related to the body? Proteins created in our bodies perform numerous functions such as • Growth and maintenance • Creatine of communication and catalysts • Immune system, response • Fluid and electrolytes regulation • Acid-base balance • Transportation Protein is best understood through four structural levels: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Primary = determined by the number, assortment, and sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chains. ( straight line) Secondary = affect the shape of the chain of amino acids; they may be straight, folded, or coiled. Tertiary= when the polypeptide chain is so coiled that the loops of the coils touch, forming strong bonds with the chain itself. Quaternary= proteins contain more than one polypeptide chain. Which disorders that require low protein diets? Severe liver or kidney disease Name some sources of plant and animal proteins? • Two highest quality protein foods: eggs and human milk Fish, selfish, chicken, turkey, duck, beef, lamb, pork, eggs, soybeans, Cheese: Hard cheese: cheddar, muenster, swiss Soft cheese: cottage cheese, ricotta Milk, ice milk/reduced fat ice cream, yogurt, frozen yogurt -Incomplete proteins: Cereal, grains, legumes, broccoli, potatoes, green peas, leafy green vegetables. What is the Reference protein score? Based on the limiting amino acids of the food. Which factors affect the RDA for protein? Age, gender, physiologic state, and source of proteins. Name the 3 types of Vegan diets? -Lactovegetarian, Ovo-lacto vegetarian, vegan List the Health benefits of vegan diet: • Lower intake of total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol • High amounts of fiber • Reduced risk of obesity, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, gastrointestinal disorders, and certain cancers List some nutrients that may be lacking in the vegan diet. -•Adequate nutrients except for vitamins D and B12 • Potential deficiencies of iron, zinc, and calcium • Effects on social health What is a flexitarian? -Flexitarian pattern: vegetarian food consumption with occasional meat, chicken Describe some Jewish dietary laws. -Only certain animals may be eaten. Only mammals with cloven hooves that chew the cud may be eaten and their milk consumed; this allows cattle. Deer, goats, and sheep to be consumed but not pigs. Birds must also meet a specific criteria acceptable birds and their eggs include: Chickens, ducks, geese, and turkey. Fish must have fins and scales to be consumed; therefore, all shellfish, eel and catfish are not permitted. Acceptable foods are viewed as coming from clean animals, and unacceptable foods are viewed as unclean. -Animals must be slaughtered in a specific manner that is quick and painless and that causes most blood and drain from the carcass. -slaughter animals must be free of any bruises, or diseases to be consumed. -Animal blood from any animal and layers of solid fat may not be consumed. -meats must be prepared for consumption: Blood must be completely drained, and cuts of meat must avoid certain nerves and animal parts. Specially trained Kosher butchers prepared animals foods according to kashrut. -meat and dairy are not consumed together. Consequently. Separate cooking utensils plates, and eating utensils are maintained for meat consumption and dairy consumption. Some foods are considered neither meat nor dairy and may be eaten with either category. These foods are called pareve. -products from unclean animals may not be consumed. -foods are examined for insects and worms that may not be consumed but may be on vegetables, fruits, and grains. Describe some Islamic dietary laws: -Islamic rule of halal or permitted in the Quran, regard food consumption as an aspect of worship. All food is permitted unless specifically prohibited. Rules to food that may not be consumed fallow: -Swine(pig) and birds of prey may not be consumed. -Animals that are not slaughtered according to the specific Muslim procedures may not be consumed. -Alcohol beverages and drugs that affect consciousness, unless required for medicinal purposes, may not be consumed. Coffee stimulants are discouraged. What is Marasmus? Due to extreme PEM, disorder can be fatal because of decreased resistance to infection; the body lacking is unable to create enough antibodies to support the immune system. -Marasmus: is malnutrition caused by a lack of sufficient energy (kcal) intake. Individuals with this disorder are extremely thin, skin seems to hang on the skeletal bone What is Kwashiorkor? a type of protein malnutrition characterized by emaciation & abdominal edema * results from a protein deficient diet List some social factors that lead to malnutrition living alone and being socially isolated. having limited knowledge about nutrition or cooking. alcohol or drug dependency. low income or poverty. social + economic factors that contribute to limited access to food / poor diet What are the 2 groups of Vitamins? Water soluble, fat soluble What is the only vitamin that is manufactured in the body? -Vitamin D Describe Primary, Secondary and Tertiary vitamin deficiency? -Primary: occurs when the vitamin is not consumed in sufficient amounts to meet physiological needs. -Secondary: Develops when absorption is impaired or excess excretion occurs, limiting bioavailability -Tertiary: it occurs when disorder develops Describe the Functions, sources, and deficiency of Folate/Folic acid -Function: Coenzyme in one-carbon transfer during metabolism, Required for the synthesis of amino acids, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), Consists of the heme portion of hemoglobin, Role in proper formation of fetal neural tubes, which affects brain and spinal cord development; helps prevent spina bifida and anencephaly “ ” Function, sources and deficiency of Riboflavin -Function: coenzyme in energy release- If you need an increase in protein, you will need an increase in Riboflavin. -Recommended intake and sources: RDA: 1.3 mg for men; 1.1 mg for women -Deficiency: Cheilosis, glossitis, seborrheic dermatitis “ ” Function, sources and deficiency of Niacin - Function: coenzyme for many enzymes, especially energy metabolism; critical for glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle Tryptophan can be converted to Niacin Diets with adequate protein intake usually have adequate Niacin intake -Recommended intake and sources: RDA (measured as niacin equivalents [NE]): 16 mg NE for men; 14 mg NE for women Amino acid tryptophan precursor of niacin 60 mg of tryptophan converts to 1 mg of niacin Diets adequate in protein: adequate in niacin -Sources: protein-containing foods (meats, poultry, fish, legumes, enriched cereals, milk, coffee, tea) -Deficiency: Pellagra -The 3 Ds: 1. Diarrhea: Gastrointestinal (GI) tract damage alters digestion, absorption, and excretion, which leads to glossitis, vomiting, and diarrhea. 2. Dermatitis: Symmetric scaly rash occurs only on skin exposed to sun. 3. Dementia: In severe deficiencies, confusion, anxiety, insomnia, and paranoia develop. -Risk increased by excessive alcohol consumption, malabsorption Which vitamins do not have a toxicity associated with them? Vitamin E, riboflavin B2,B12,pantothenic acid, thiamin, Vitamin K is contraindicated with which types of medications? Long term antibiotic use Vitamin E is contraindicated with which types of medications? anticoagulant drugs Vitamin B6 is contraindicated with which types of medications? oral contraceptives, isoniazid, penicillamine, cyclomerize, and hydralazine Lack of Folate has been associated with what health issue? -Results in megaloblastic anemia, glossitis, diarrhea, irritability, absentmindedness, depression, anxiety Describe Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome? -Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome: a cerebral form- Decrease thiamine and a sudden increase in parenteral glucose. Need B1 and other B vitamins in IV fluids.