MCCANCE & HUETHER’S PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CERTIFICATION EVALUATION 2026 BUNDLED
MATERIAL ANSWERS
◉ peripheral nervous system (PNS). Answer: composed of cranial
nerves and spinal nerves
also can be divided into somatic and autonomic nervous systems
◉ cranial nerves. Answer: project from the brain and pass through
foramina in the skull
◉ spinal nerves. Answer: project from the spinal cord and pass
through intervertebral foramina of the vertebrae
◉ afferent. Answer: pathways that carry sensory impulses toward
the CNS
◉ efferent. Answer: descending pathways carrying sensory impulses
from the CNS to effector organs
◉ somatic nervous system. Answer: consist of motor and sensory
pathways regulating voluntary motor control of skeletal muscle
,◉ autonomic nervous system. Answer: consists of motor and
sensory components and is involved with regulation of the body's
internal environment through involuntary control of organ systems
-can be further divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic
◉ microtubules. Answer: made of protein and believed to be
involved in transport of cellular products
◉ neuroglial cells. Answer: found in the CNS and PNS and can
provide structural support and nutrition for neurons, remove debris,
increase speed of nerve impulses, and play a role in memory
◉ Nissl substances. Answer: consist of ER and ribosomes and are
involved in protein synthesis
◉ nuclei. Answer: dense, packed cell bodies in the CNS
◉ ganglia. Answer: groups of cells bodies in the PNS
◉ dendrites. Answer: extensions that carry nerve impulses toward
the cell body
◉ dendritic zone. Answer: the receptive portion of a neuron that
receives a stimulus and continues further conduction
,◉ axons. Answer: long, conductive projections from the cell body
that carry nerve impulses away from the cell body
◉ axon hillock. Answer: the cone-shaped, organelle-free area where
the axon leaves the cell body
◉ fascicles. Answer: bundles of axons in large nerves
◉ myelin. Answer: an insulating substance made of a segmented
layer of lipid material
◉ endoneurium. Answer: a delicate connective tissue around each
axon in the PNS
◉ nodes of Ranvier. Answer: interruptions in the neurilemma and
myelin sheath
◉ saltatory conduction. Answer: process by which ions can flow
between segments rather than along the entire length of the
membrane, resulting in increased velocity of neuronal conduction
◉ divergence. Answer: ability of branching axons to influence many
different neurons
, ◉ convergence. Answer: branches of numerous neurons converging
on and influencing one or a few nuerons
◉ larger. Answer: _________axons transmit impulses at a faster rate
◉ unipolar. Answer: neurons have one process that branches shortly
after leaving the cell body.
◉ pseudounipolar. Answer: neurons that have one process that has
its dendritic portion extending away from the CNS and its axon
portion projecting into the CNS
-typical of sensory neurons in cranial and spinal nerves
◉ bipolar. Answer: neurons that have two distinct processes arising
from the cell body; example: neuron connecting rod and cone cells of
the retina
◉ multipolar. Answer: neurons that are the most common and have
multiple dendrites and a single axon; example: most motor neurons
◉ sensory. Answer: neurons that carry im,pulses from peripheral
sensory receptors to the CNS
CERTIFICATION EVALUATION 2026 BUNDLED
MATERIAL ANSWERS
◉ peripheral nervous system (PNS). Answer: composed of cranial
nerves and spinal nerves
also can be divided into somatic and autonomic nervous systems
◉ cranial nerves. Answer: project from the brain and pass through
foramina in the skull
◉ spinal nerves. Answer: project from the spinal cord and pass
through intervertebral foramina of the vertebrae
◉ afferent. Answer: pathways that carry sensory impulses toward
the CNS
◉ efferent. Answer: descending pathways carrying sensory impulses
from the CNS to effector organs
◉ somatic nervous system. Answer: consist of motor and sensory
pathways regulating voluntary motor control of skeletal muscle
,◉ autonomic nervous system. Answer: consists of motor and
sensory components and is involved with regulation of the body's
internal environment through involuntary control of organ systems
-can be further divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic
◉ microtubules. Answer: made of protein and believed to be
involved in transport of cellular products
◉ neuroglial cells. Answer: found in the CNS and PNS and can
provide structural support and nutrition for neurons, remove debris,
increase speed of nerve impulses, and play a role in memory
◉ Nissl substances. Answer: consist of ER and ribosomes and are
involved in protein synthesis
◉ nuclei. Answer: dense, packed cell bodies in the CNS
◉ ganglia. Answer: groups of cells bodies in the PNS
◉ dendrites. Answer: extensions that carry nerve impulses toward
the cell body
◉ dendritic zone. Answer: the receptive portion of a neuron that
receives a stimulus and continues further conduction
,◉ axons. Answer: long, conductive projections from the cell body
that carry nerve impulses away from the cell body
◉ axon hillock. Answer: the cone-shaped, organelle-free area where
the axon leaves the cell body
◉ fascicles. Answer: bundles of axons in large nerves
◉ myelin. Answer: an insulating substance made of a segmented
layer of lipid material
◉ endoneurium. Answer: a delicate connective tissue around each
axon in the PNS
◉ nodes of Ranvier. Answer: interruptions in the neurilemma and
myelin sheath
◉ saltatory conduction. Answer: process by which ions can flow
between segments rather than along the entire length of the
membrane, resulting in increased velocity of neuronal conduction
◉ divergence. Answer: ability of branching axons to influence many
different neurons
, ◉ convergence. Answer: branches of numerous neurons converging
on and influencing one or a few nuerons
◉ larger. Answer: _________axons transmit impulses at a faster rate
◉ unipolar. Answer: neurons have one process that branches shortly
after leaving the cell body.
◉ pseudounipolar. Answer: neurons that have one process that has
its dendritic portion extending away from the CNS and its axon
portion projecting into the CNS
-typical of sensory neurons in cranial and spinal nerves
◉ bipolar. Answer: neurons that have two distinct processes arising
from the cell body; example: neuron connecting rod and cone cells of
the retina
◉ multipolar. Answer: neurons that are the most common and have
multiple dendrites and a single axon; example: most motor neurons
◉ sensory. Answer: neurons that carry im,pulses from peripheral
sensory receptors to the CNS
