NUR210 / NUR 210 Exam 2 (Latest 2024 /
2025): Principles of Pharmacology |
Questions and Verified Answers | 100%
Correct | Grade A - Galen
What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?
the CNS and the peripheral nervous system
What does the CNS consist of?
the brain and the spinal cord
What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?
somatic motor system and autonomic nervous system
What does the somatic motor system control?
voluntary movement of skeletal muscles
what does the autonomic nervous system control?
involuntary actions
What are the two branches of the autonomic nervous system?
parasympathetic (cholinergic) and sympathetic (adrenergic)
What is the nervous system in general responsible for?
transmission of electric and chemical impulses
What are the three principle functions of the autonomic nervous system?
1. regulate the heart
2. regulates secretory glands (gastric, sweat, and bronchial glands)
3. regulates smooth muscle (bronchial passages, blood vessels, urogenital and GI tract)
,Describe the sympathetic response.
"fight or flight", acute stress response
what happens when you activate "fight or flight"?
mobilize energy, HR and BP increase; shunt blood away from skin and viscera into
skeletal muscles; bronchi dilated (improve oxygenation); pupils dilate (enhance visual
acuity); mobilize stored energy providing glucose for the brain and fatty acids for the
muscle
What are adrenergic agents?
medications that add energy
What are sympathomimetics?
mimic the sympathetic nervous system
Describe the parasympathetic response.
"rest and digest"; HR slows; gastric secretion increases; emptying of bladder and bowel;
pupils constrict; bronchial smooth muscle contracts
What are drug class examples for the parasympathetic response?
cholinergic agents; parasympathomimetics
What are the three basic patterns of innervation and regulation for the
sympathetic and parasympathetic responses?
1. have innervation of both divisions of the autonomic nervous system (effects of two
divisions are opposed)
ex. parasympathetic nerve slows HR and sympathetic nerve accelerates HR; both can
be working at the same time
2. innervation by both divisions of ANS and the effects are complimentary
,ex. in the male reproductive system the parasympathetic nerve regulates erection while
sympathetic regulate ejaculation
3. innervation and regulation by only one division
ex. blood vessels regulated exclusively by sympathetic nerves
What are the two basic types of receptors the peripheral nervous system works
through?
1. adrenergic receptors: mediate responses to epinephrine (adrenaline) and
norepinephrine
2. cholinergic receptors: mediate responses to acetylcholine
Describe adrenergic agents.
add energy; fight or flight
What are the three receptor sub types affected by adrenergic agents?
1. beta 1: cardiac
2. beta 2: respiratory
3. alpha: peripheral vascular; pupils
What organs to adrenergic agents affect?
cardiac: tachycardia
respiratory: bronchial dilation
peripheral: vasoconstriction
ocular: dilation (my/dri/asis - my/dry/eye)
What do we use epinephrine for?
cardiac arrest; person with super low blood pressure (vasoconstriction); person in
shock; allergic reaction
, Who would need bronchial dilation (adrenergic agents)?
an asthmatic or someone with COPD
What is a common time you would see adrenergic agents used for
vasoconstriction?
use of topical lidocaine with epinephrine to constrict blood vessels and decrease
bleeding
What is a common time you would see adrenergic agents used for ocular
dilation?
diagnostic purposes
what are the side effects of sympathetic adrenergic agents?
insomnia, nervousness, fine muscle tremors, palpitations, tachycardia, hypertension
What are muscarninic agonists?
work and add energy to parasympathetic nervous system
What are the major uses of cholinergic agents?
promote GI function; increase secretions; stimulate peristalsis; promote urinary function;
pupil constriction
What are examples of medications that promote GI function?
Reglan; antiemetic (help with nausea and vomiting); stimulates upper GI motility
What is a major use of cholinergic agents?
promote urinary function; helps relax sphincter and increases bladder tone
What is an example of a cholinergic agent that promotes urinary function?
urecholine; used to treat urinary retention
How would cholinergic agents be used to help with glaucoma?
2025): Principles of Pharmacology |
Questions and Verified Answers | 100%
Correct | Grade A - Galen
What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?
the CNS and the peripheral nervous system
What does the CNS consist of?
the brain and the spinal cord
What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?
somatic motor system and autonomic nervous system
What does the somatic motor system control?
voluntary movement of skeletal muscles
what does the autonomic nervous system control?
involuntary actions
What are the two branches of the autonomic nervous system?
parasympathetic (cholinergic) and sympathetic (adrenergic)
What is the nervous system in general responsible for?
transmission of electric and chemical impulses
What are the three principle functions of the autonomic nervous system?
1. regulate the heart
2. regulates secretory glands (gastric, sweat, and bronchial glands)
3. regulates smooth muscle (bronchial passages, blood vessels, urogenital and GI tract)
,Describe the sympathetic response.
"fight or flight", acute stress response
what happens when you activate "fight or flight"?
mobilize energy, HR and BP increase; shunt blood away from skin and viscera into
skeletal muscles; bronchi dilated (improve oxygenation); pupils dilate (enhance visual
acuity); mobilize stored energy providing glucose for the brain and fatty acids for the
muscle
What are adrenergic agents?
medications that add energy
What are sympathomimetics?
mimic the sympathetic nervous system
Describe the parasympathetic response.
"rest and digest"; HR slows; gastric secretion increases; emptying of bladder and bowel;
pupils constrict; bronchial smooth muscle contracts
What are drug class examples for the parasympathetic response?
cholinergic agents; parasympathomimetics
What are the three basic patterns of innervation and regulation for the
sympathetic and parasympathetic responses?
1. have innervation of both divisions of the autonomic nervous system (effects of two
divisions are opposed)
ex. parasympathetic nerve slows HR and sympathetic nerve accelerates HR; both can
be working at the same time
2. innervation by both divisions of ANS and the effects are complimentary
,ex. in the male reproductive system the parasympathetic nerve regulates erection while
sympathetic regulate ejaculation
3. innervation and regulation by only one division
ex. blood vessels regulated exclusively by sympathetic nerves
What are the two basic types of receptors the peripheral nervous system works
through?
1. adrenergic receptors: mediate responses to epinephrine (adrenaline) and
norepinephrine
2. cholinergic receptors: mediate responses to acetylcholine
Describe adrenergic agents.
add energy; fight or flight
What are the three receptor sub types affected by adrenergic agents?
1. beta 1: cardiac
2. beta 2: respiratory
3. alpha: peripheral vascular; pupils
What organs to adrenergic agents affect?
cardiac: tachycardia
respiratory: bronchial dilation
peripheral: vasoconstriction
ocular: dilation (my/dri/asis - my/dry/eye)
What do we use epinephrine for?
cardiac arrest; person with super low blood pressure (vasoconstriction); person in
shock; allergic reaction
, Who would need bronchial dilation (adrenergic agents)?
an asthmatic or someone with COPD
What is a common time you would see adrenergic agents used for
vasoconstriction?
use of topical lidocaine with epinephrine to constrict blood vessels and decrease
bleeding
What is a common time you would see adrenergic agents used for ocular
dilation?
diagnostic purposes
what are the side effects of sympathetic adrenergic agents?
insomnia, nervousness, fine muscle tremors, palpitations, tachycardia, hypertension
What are muscarninic agonists?
work and add energy to parasympathetic nervous system
What are the major uses of cholinergic agents?
promote GI function; increase secretions; stimulate peristalsis; promote urinary function;
pupil constriction
What are examples of medications that promote GI function?
Reglan; antiemetic (help with nausea and vomiting); stimulates upper GI motility
What is a major use of cholinergic agents?
promote urinary function; helps relax sphincter and increases bladder tone
What is an example of a cholinergic agent that promotes urinary function?
urecholine; used to treat urinary retention
How would cholinergic agents be used to help with glaucoma?
