1|Page
GMS 5057 - MEDICAL CELL BIOLOGY - TEST 1 |
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | 2026 UPDATE
Definition of templated polymerization - ANSWER -DNA is split apart
and each strand is used as a template when being replicated or during
transcription.
What are regulatory DNA - ANSWER -They are genes that control when,
where, and how much genes are expressed
Multicellular eukaryotic organisms that sexually reproduce arise from -
ANSWER -single cell (zygote)
Cell function - ANSWER -interpret hereditary DNA and express
information to coordinate synthesis of molecules that assemble into
complex structures that form more cells.
Monomers of DNA and RNA - ANSWER -Nucleotide
components of a nucleotide - ANSWER -sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous
base
pg. 1
,2|Page
The backbone of a nucleotide has what types of chemical bonds -
ANSWER -covalent
The nucleotide bases interact with eachother via what types of bonds -
ANSWER -Hydrogen
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology - ANSWER -- DNA -> RNA ->
Protein
- Genes in DNA and hereditary information is expressed.
What are enzymes - ANSWER -proteins with catalytic sites that catalyze
specific chemical reactions
Enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis of polysaccharides in bacterial cell
walls - ANSWER -Lysozyme
Main currency for energy in cells - ANSWER -ATP
What structural part of the phospholipid bilayer prevents the passive
diffusion of hydrophilic substances - ANSWER -hydrophobic core
Amphipathic - ANSWER -having both a hydrophilic region and a
hydrophobic region
pg. 2
,3|Page
Liposome - ANSWER -Phospholipid bilayer that forms an aqueous
compartment as a result of phospholipids being submerged into water.
What are the two groups of prokaryotes - ANSWER -Bacteria and
Archaea
What are the three branches of the tree of life - ANSWER -Bacteria,
Archaea, Eukarya
Sequence conservation in rRNA genes among various species including
human suggest what? - ANSWER -life originated from an ancestral cell.
What are three ways that new genes can arise - ANSWER -Intragenic
mutation
Gene duplication
DNA segment shuffling
Examples of mutations - ANSWER -nucleotide changes, deletions, and
insertions
Horizontal gene transfer - ANSWER -- transfer of DNA between
different organisms (particularly in bacterial species and rarely in
eukaryotic species).
pg. 3
, 4|Page
Vertical gene transfer - ANSWER -parent to progeny
Gene family - ANSWER -Genes that share related sequences and
functions
Largest family of genes - ANSWER -ABC transporters
ABC transporters - ANSWER -- ATP-binding cassette transporters
- Transporters that use ATP as energy to perform various functions.
homologous genes - ANSWER -two or more genes derived from the
same ancestral gene
Orthologs - ANSWER -Homologous genes with a common ancestor in
different species due to a speciation event.
Paralogs - ANSWER -Homologous genes with a common ancestor in the
same species, usually due to gene duplication and divergence.
Viruses that infect bacterial cells - ANSWER -bacteriophages
Mutant analysis - ANSWER -using mutants to understand how a
biological process normally works
pg. 4
GMS 5057 - MEDICAL CELL BIOLOGY - TEST 1 |
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | 2026 UPDATE
Definition of templated polymerization - ANSWER -DNA is split apart
and each strand is used as a template when being replicated or during
transcription.
What are regulatory DNA - ANSWER -They are genes that control when,
where, and how much genes are expressed
Multicellular eukaryotic organisms that sexually reproduce arise from -
ANSWER -single cell (zygote)
Cell function - ANSWER -interpret hereditary DNA and express
information to coordinate synthesis of molecules that assemble into
complex structures that form more cells.
Monomers of DNA and RNA - ANSWER -Nucleotide
components of a nucleotide - ANSWER -sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous
base
pg. 1
,2|Page
The backbone of a nucleotide has what types of chemical bonds -
ANSWER -covalent
The nucleotide bases interact with eachother via what types of bonds -
ANSWER -Hydrogen
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology - ANSWER -- DNA -> RNA ->
Protein
- Genes in DNA and hereditary information is expressed.
What are enzymes - ANSWER -proteins with catalytic sites that catalyze
specific chemical reactions
Enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis of polysaccharides in bacterial cell
walls - ANSWER -Lysozyme
Main currency for energy in cells - ANSWER -ATP
What structural part of the phospholipid bilayer prevents the passive
diffusion of hydrophilic substances - ANSWER -hydrophobic core
Amphipathic - ANSWER -having both a hydrophilic region and a
hydrophobic region
pg. 2
,3|Page
Liposome - ANSWER -Phospholipid bilayer that forms an aqueous
compartment as a result of phospholipids being submerged into water.
What are the two groups of prokaryotes - ANSWER -Bacteria and
Archaea
What are the three branches of the tree of life - ANSWER -Bacteria,
Archaea, Eukarya
Sequence conservation in rRNA genes among various species including
human suggest what? - ANSWER -life originated from an ancestral cell.
What are three ways that new genes can arise - ANSWER -Intragenic
mutation
Gene duplication
DNA segment shuffling
Examples of mutations - ANSWER -nucleotide changes, deletions, and
insertions
Horizontal gene transfer - ANSWER -- transfer of DNA between
different organisms (particularly in bacterial species and rarely in
eukaryotic species).
pg. 3
, 4|Page
Vertical gene transfer - ANSWER -parent to progeny
Gene family - ANSWER -Genes that share related sequences and
functions
Largest family of genes - ANSWER -ABC transporters
ABC transporters - ANSWER -- ATP-binding cassette transporters
- Transporters that use ATP as energy to perform various functions.
homologous genes - ANSWER -two or more genes derived from the
same ancestral gene
Orthologs - ANSWER -Homologous genes with a common ancestor in
different species due to a speciation event.
Paralogs - ANSWER -Homologous genes with a common ancestor in the
same species, usually due to gene duplication and divergence.
Viruses that infect bacterial cells - ANSWER -bacteriophages
Mutant analysis - ANSWER -using mutants to understand how a
biological process normally works
pg. 4
