ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: EXAM 1 EXAM QUESTIONS
CORRECT ANSWERS _2025 WELL UPDATED
*Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology* - CORRECT ANSWERS-
Risk - CORRECT ANSWERS-Factor that when present increases the chance of disease
Not stressors, but conditions or situations that increase the likelihood of encountering a stressor
Prevalence - CORRECT ANSWERS-A measure of disease that allows us to determine a
person's likelihood of having a disease. Therefore, the number of prevalent cases is the total
number of cases of disease existing in a population. A prevalence rate is the total number of
cases of a disease existing in a population divided by the total population
Indicates how widespread the disease is
Incidence - CORRECT ANSWERS-A measure of disease that allows us to determine a
person's probability of being diagnosed with a disease during a given period of time. Therefore,
incidence is the number of newly diagnosed cases of a disease. An incidence rate is the number
of new cases of a disease divided by the number of persons at risk for the disease.
Conveys information about the risk of contracting the disease.
Ratio - CORRECT ANSWERS-The quantitative relation between two amounts showing the
number of times one value contains or is contained within the other.
Primary Prevention - CORRECT ANSWERS-Altering susceptibility or reducing exposure
for susceptible persons
*Both illness and disease are absent
example: vaccinations, healthy lifestyles
Secondary Prevention - CORRECT ANSWERS-Early detection, screening, and
management of disease
*Illness absent, disease present
,example: screenings and testings
Tertiary Prevention - CORRECT ANSWERS-Rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing
disability, and restoring effective functioning
*Both illness and disease present
example: education
Monosomy - CORRECT ANSWERS-Daughter cell with a deficiency of 1 chromosome
Usually not compatible with life
Polysomy - CORRECT ANSWERS-Daughter cell with too may chromosomes
May result in viable detus
Nearly always associated with severe disability
Those involving extra/missing sex chromosome not as debillitating
Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome) - CORRECT ANSWERS-Extra copy of 21st chromosome
that occurs almost 12 times per 10,000 live births
Most common chromosomal disorder
Leading cause of mental retardation
Protruding tongue, low-set ears, epicanthal folds, poor muscle tone, short stature; congenital
heart deformities, increased susceptibility to respiratory infections, leukemia
Clearly associated with advanced maternal age
Cri du Chate Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS-Deletion of short arm of chromosome 5
Severe mental retardation, round face, congenital heart anomalies
Cry resembles a cat crying
Some live to adulthood and thrive better than those with trisomies
Klinefelter Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS-Most common sex chromosome
abnormality (occurs in 1 out of 1,000 births)
,Affects males
Usually 1 extra X chromosome; sometimes more than 1: XXY, XXXY, XXXXY
Abnormal sexual development and feminization
Lack of secondary sex characteristics during puberty
Associated signs include: lack of testosterone, testicular atrophy, infertility, feminine hair
distribution/gynecomastia, tall stature, long arms/legs, high-pitched voice, and impaired
intelligence
These patients are usually on testosterone therapy
Turner Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS-(1:3000 live female births)
Monosomy X: 1 normal X chromosome; no Y chromosome
Female phenotype with no developed ovaries
Second X chromosome missing or structurally abnormal; usually from father's chromosome
Rarely survive to birth
Associated signs: short stature, webbed neck, wide chest, congenital heart defects, failure to
develop secondary sexual characteristics
Multiple X Females (XXX) - CORRECT ANSWERS-Relatively common
Menstrual abnormalities; retardation tendency with more than 4 X chromosomes
Double Y Males (XYY) - CORRECT ANSWERS-Relatively common
Generally taller than average
Autosomal Dominant Disorders - CORRECT ANSWERS-Due to mutation of a specific
autosomal gene
Males/females equally affected
Usually 1 affected parent
Unaffected individuals do not transmit disease
Offspring of 1 affected parent with unaffected mate: 1 in 2 chance of inheritance
Offspring of 2 affected parents: 3 in 4 chance
, Epidemiology - CORRECT ANSWERS-study of the patterns of disease involving
populations; examining the occurrence, incidence, prevalence, transmission, and distribution of
diseases in large groups of populations/people
Endemic - CORRECT ANSWERS-A disease theat is native to a local region
Epidemic - CORRECT ANSWERS-When a disease is disseninated to many individals at
the same time
(spread to many people at the same time)
Pandemic - CORRECT ANSWERS-Epidemics that affect large geographic regions,
perhaps spreading worldwide.
(spread to large geographic areas)
*Chapter 2: Homeostasis and Adaptive Responses to Stressors* - CORRECT ANSWERS-
Homeostasis - CORRECT ANSWERS-A state of being in which all systems are in balance
around a articular ideal "set-point"
Exhausation - CORRECT ANSWERS-Point where body can no longer return to
homeostasis following a prolonged exposure to noxious agents
Allostatic Overload - CORRECT ANSWERS-"Cost" of body's organs and tissues for an
excessive or ineffectively regulated allostatic response; effect of "wear and tear" on the body
Adaptation - CORRECT ANSWERS-Adaptation: biopsychosocial process of change in
response to new or altered circumstances, internal or external in origin
Coping: behavioral adaptive response to a stressor using culturally based coping mechanisms
Adaptation and coping: terms used interchangeably
Arousal - CORRECT ANSWERS-Includes alterations in responsiveness to homeostatic
pressures, sensory stimuli and emotional reactivity, and to changes in motor activity
CORRECT ANSWERS _2025 WELL UPDATED
*Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology* - CORRECT ANSWERS-
Risk - CORRECT ANSWERS-Factor that when present increases the chance of disease
Not stressors, but conditions or situations that increase the likelihood of encountering a stressor
Prevalence - CORRECT ANSWERS-A measure of disease that allows us to determine a
person's likelihood of having a disease. Therefore, the number of prevalent cases is the total
number of cases of disease existing in a population. A prevalence rate is the total number of
cases of a disease existing in a population divided by the total population
Indicates how widespread the disease is
Incidence - CORRECT ANSWERS-A measure of disease that allows us to determine a
person's probability of being diagnosed with a disease during a given period of time. Therefore,
incidence is the number of newly diagnosed cases of a disease. An incidence rate is the number
of new cases of a disease divided by the number of persons at risk for the disease.
Conveys information about the risk of contracting the disease.
Ratio - CORRECT ANSWERS-The quantitative relation between two amounts showing the
number of times one value contains or is contained within the other.
Primary Prevention - CORRECT ANSWERS-Altering susceptibility or reducing exposure
for susceptible persons
*Both illness and disease are absent
example: vaccinations, healthy lifestyles
Secondary Prevention - CORRECT ANSWERS-Early detection, screening, and
management of disease
*Illness absent, disease present
,example: screenings and testings
Tertiary Prevention - CORRECT ANSWERS-Rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing
disability, and restoring effective functioning
*Both illness and disease present
example: education
Monosomy - CORRECT ANSWERS-Daughter cell with a deficiency of 1 chromosome
Usually not compatible with life
Polysomy - CORRECT ANSWERS-Daughter cell with too may chromosomes
May result in viable detus
Nearly always associated with severe disability
Those involving extra/missing sex chromosome not as debillitating
Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome) - CORRECT ANSWERS-Extra copy of 21st chromosome
that occurs almost 12 times per 10,000 live births
Most common chromosomal disorder
Leading cause of mental retardation
Protruding tongue, low-set ears, epicanthal folds, poor muscle tone, short stature; congenital
heart deformities, increased susceptibility to respiratory infections, leukemia
Clearly associated with advanced maternal age
Cri du Chate Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS-Deletion of short arm of chromosome 5
Severe mental retardation, round face, congenital heart anomalies
Cry resembles a cat crying
Some live to adulthood and thrive better than those with trisomies
Klinefelter Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS-Most common sex chromosome
abnormality (occurs in 1 out of 1,000 births)
,Affects males
Usually 1 extra X chromosome; sometimes more than 1: XXY, XXXY, XXXXY
Abnormal sexual development and feminization
Lack of secondary sex characteristics during puberty
Associated signs include: lack of testosterone, testicular atrophy, infertility, feminine hair
distribution/gynecomastia, tall stature, long arms/legs, high-pitched voice, and impaired
intelligence
These patients are usually on testosterone therapy
Turner Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS-(1:3000 live female births)
Monosomy X: 1 normal X chromosome; no Y chromosome
Female phenotype with no developed ovaries
Second X chromosome missing or structurally abnormal; usually from father's chromosome
Rarely survive to birth
Associated signs: short stature, webbed neck, wide chest, congenital heart defects, failure to
develop secondary sexual characteristics
Multiple X Females (XXX) - CORRECT ANSWERS-Relatively common
Menstrual abnormalities; retardation tendency with more than 4 X chromosomes
Double Y Males (XYY) - CORRECT ANSWERS-Relatively common
Generally taller than average
Autosomal Dominant Disorders - CORRECT ANSWERS-Due to mutation of a specific
autosomal gene
Males/females equally affected
Usually 1 affected parent
Unaffected individuals do not transmit disease
Offspring of 1 affected parent with unaffected mate: 1 in 2 chance of inheritance
Offspring of 2 affected parents: 3 in 4 chance
, Epidemiology - CORRECT ANSWERS-study of the patterns of disease involving
populations; examining the occurrence, incidence, prevalence, transmission, and distribution of
diseases in large groups of populations/people
Endemic - CORRECT ANSWERS-A disease theat is native to a local region
Epidemic - CORRECT ANSWERS-When a disease is disseninated to many individals at
the same time
(spread to many people at the same time)
Pandemic - CORRECT ANSWERS-Epidemics that affect large geographic regions,
perhaps spreading worldwide.
(spread to large geographic areas)
*Chapter 2: Homeostasis and Adaptive Responses to Stressors* - CORRECT ANSWERS-
Homeostasis - CORRECT ANSWERS-A state of being in which all systems are in balance
around a articular ideal "set-point"
Exhausation - CORRECT ANSWERS-Point where body can no longer return to
homeostasis following a prolonged exposure to noxious agents
Allostatic Overload - CORRECT ANSWERS-"Cost" of body's organs and tissues for an
excessive or ineffectively regulated allostatic response; effect of "wear and tear" on the body
Adaptation - CORRECT ANSWERS-Adaptation: biopsychosocial process of change in
response to new or altered circumstances, internal or external in origin
Coping: behavioral adaptive response to a stressor using culturally based coping mechanisms
Adaptation and coping: terms used interchangeably
Arousal - CORRECT ANSWERS-Includes alterations in responsiveness to homeostatic
pressures, sensory stimuli and emotional reactivity, and to changes in motor activity
