NURS 5315 UTA Exam 2 Newest Exam Preparation Newest With Complete
Questions And Correct Detailed Answers| Brand New Version
Question 1
Which of the following cells are described as "cellular bags of granules" located in the loose
connective tissue near blood vessels, whose activation initiates the inflammatory process?
A) Neutrophils
B) Monocytes
C) Mast cells
D) Lymphocytes
E) Eosinophils
Correct Answer: C) Mast cells
Rationale: Mast cells are the most important activators of the inflammatory response. They
are located in the connective tissue close to blood vessels. When they encounter an injury
stimulus, they degranulate, releasing biochemical mediators like histamine and chemotactic
factors that immediately affect the surrounding vasculature.
Question 2
What is the primary physiological effect of histamine release during the early stages of
inflammation?
A) Vasoconstriction and decreased blood flow
B) Formation of a fibrin mesh
C) Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
D) Production of red blood cells
E) Inhibition of pain receptors
Correct Answer: C) Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
Rationale: Histamine is a vasoactive amine. Its release causes the smooth muscle of the
blood vessels to relax (vasodilation) and the endothelial cells lining the capillaries to retract,
allowing fluid and cells to leak into the tissue (increased permeability). This results in the
classic inflammatory signs of redness (erythema) and swelling (edema).
Question 3
Which biochemical mediators are responsible for "prolonging" the inflammatory response and
are the primary target of the medication Singulair?
A) Prostaglandins
, 2
B) Leukotrienes
C) Histamines
D) Cytokines
E) Complement proteins
Correct Answer: B) Leukotrienes
Rationale: Leukotrienes are sulfur-containing lipids produced via the arachidonic acid
pathway. While histamine acts quickly, leukotrienes have a more delayed and prolonged
effect, maintaining the inflammatory response. They also attract white blood cells to the
area and cause smooth muscle contraction in the airways, which is why Singulair (a
leukotriene receptor antagonist) is used for asthma.
Question 4
Which of the following products of the arachidonic acid pathway is directly responsible for
inducing pain and fever during inflammation?
A) Leukotrienes
B) Prostaglandins
C) Thromboxane
D) Histamine
E) Growth factors
Correct Answer: B) Prostaglandins
Rationale: Prostaglandins are produced by the action of the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX)
on arachidonic acid. They cause increased vascular permeability, neutrophil chemotaxis,
and—most importantly—act on the hypothalamus to induce fever and sensitize nerve
endings to cause pain.
Question 5
A biochemical substance that acts as a "beacon" to attract specific leukocytes, such as neutrophils
or eosinophils, to the site of inflammation is known as a:
A) Growth factor
B) Kinin
C) Chemotactic factor
D) Complement
, 3
E) Opsonin
Correct Answer: C) Chemotactic factor
Rationale: Chemotaxis is the process by which cells migrate toward a higher concentration
of a specific chemical. Mast cells release neutrophil chemotactic factor (NCF) and
eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A) to ensure the appropriate white
blood cells arrive at the injury site to perform phagocytosis.
Question 6
Which leukocyte is the "first responder" and the predominant cell type present during the early
stages (first 6–12 hours) of acute inflammation?
A) Monocytes
B) Macrophages
C) Neutrophils
D) B-lymphocytes
E) Basophils
Correct Answer: C) Neutrophils
Rationale: Neutrophils (polymorphonuclear neutrophils or PMNs) are the most numerous
leukocytes in the blood. They are highly mobile and are the first cells to arrive at the site of
injury. They are short-lived and become a component of purulent exudate (pus) after they
die.
Question 7
What is the specific role of monocytes once they enter the body tissues at an injury site?
A) They transform into mast cells to release histamine.
B) They become macrophages and present antigens to CD4 T-cells.
C) They produce IgE antibodies.
D) They activate the coagulation cascade.
E) They cause vasoconstriction to stop bleeding.
Correct Answer: B) They become macrophages and present antigens to CD4 T-cells.
Rationale: Monocytes circulate in the blood and migrate into tissues to become
macrophages. As macrophages, they are highly effective at phagocytosis and act as antigen-
, 4
presenting cells (APCs). They "process" foreign material and "present" it to T-helper
(CD4) cells, which bridges the gap between innate inflammation and adaptive immunity.
Question 8
Which cytokine is primarily responsible for inducing fever, activating lymphocytes, and
stimulating the liver to produce acute-phase reactants?
A) Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
B) Interleukin-10 (IL-10)
C) Growth factor
D) Interferon
E) Histamine
Correct Answer: A) Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
Rationale: IL-1 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages. It is an
endogenous pyrogen, meaning it acts on the hypothalamus to raise body temperature
(fever). It also serves as a signal to activate other immune cells and increases the release of
Interleukin-6.
Question 9
The cytokine Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) is known to cause which systemic effect in
chronic inflammatory states or malignancy?
A) Weight gain and obesity
B) Muscle wasting (cachexia)
C) Increased bone density
D) Hypotension and vasodilation only
E) Decreased production of proinflammatory proteins
Correct Answer: B) Muscle wasting (cachexia)
Rationale: TNF-α is secreted by macrophages. While it is helpful in acute inflammation to
induce fever and protein synthesis, high levels—especially in chronic disease—cause muscle
wasting (cachexia) and can induce intravascular thrombosis.
Question 10
What is the primary function of the Complement system in the inflammatory response?
Questions And Correct Detailed Answers| Brand New Version
Question 1
Which of the following cells are described as "cellular bags of granules" located in the loose
connective tissue near blood vessels, whose activation initiates the inflammatory process?
A) Neutrophils
B) Monocytes
C) Mast cells
D) Lymphocytes
E) Eosinophils
Correct Answer: C) Mast cells
Rationale: Mast cells are the most important activators of the inflammatory response. They
are located in the connective tissue close to blood vessels. When they encounter an injury
stimulus, they degranulate, releasing biochemical mediators like histamine and chemotactic
factors that immediately affect the surrounding vasculature.
Question 2
What is the primary physiological effect of histamine release during the early stages of
inflammation?
A) Vasoconstriction and decreased blood flow
B) Formation of a fibrin mesh
C) Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
D) Production of red blood cells
E) Inhibition of pain receptors
Correct Answer: C) Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
Rationale: Histamine is a vasoactive amine. Its release causes the smooth muscle of the
blood vessels to relax (vasodilation) and the endothelial cells lining the capillaries to retract,
allowing fluid and cells to leak into the tissue (increased permeability). This results in the
classic inflammatory signs of redness (erythema) and swelling (edema).
Question 3
Which biochemical mediators are responsible for "prolonging" the inflammatory response and
are the primary target of the medication Singulair?
A) Prostaglandins
, 2
B) Leukotrienes
C) Histamines
D) Cytokines
E) Complement proteins
Correct Answer: B) Leukotrienes
Rationale: Leukotrienes are sulfur-containing lipids produced via the arachidonic acid
pathway. While histamine acts quickly, leukotrienes have a more delayed and prolonged
effect, maintaining the inflammatory response. They also attract white blood cells to the
area and cause smooth muscle contraction in the airways, which is why Singulair (a
leukotriene receptor antagonist) is used for asthma.
Question 4
Which of the following products of the arachidonic acid pathway is directly responsible for
inducing pain and fever during inflammation?
A) Leukotrienes
B) Prostaglandins
C) Thromboxane
D) Histamine
E) Growth factors
Correct Answer: B) Prostaglandins
Rationale: Prostaglandins are produced by the action of the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX)
on arachidonic acid. They cause increased vascular permeability, neutrophil chemotaxis,
and—most importantly—act on the hypothalamus to induce fever and sensitize nerve
endings to cause pain.
Question 5
A biochemical substance that acts as a "beacon" to attract specific leukocytes, such as neutrophils
or eosinophils, to the site of inflammation is known as a:
A) Growth factor
B) Kinin
C) Chemotactic factor
D) Complement
, 3
E) Opsonin
Correct Answer: C) Chemotactic factor
Rationale: Chemotaxis is the process by which cells migrate toward a higher concentration
of a specific chemical. Mast cells release neutrophil chemotactic factor (NCF) and
eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A) to ensure the appropriate white
blood cells arrive at the injury site to perform phagocytosis.
Question 6
Which leukocyte is the "first responder" and the predominant cell type present during the early
stages (first 6–12 hours) of acute inflammation?
A) Monocytes
B) Macrophages
C) Neutrophils
D) B-lymphocytes
E) Basophils
Correct Answer: C) Neutrophils
Rationale: Neutrophils (polymorphonuclear neutrophils or PMNs) are the most numerous
leukocytes in the blood. They are highly mobile and are the first cells to arrive at the site of
injury. They are short-lived and become a component of purulent exudate (pus) after they
die.
Question 7
What is the specific role of monocytes once they enter the body tissues at an injury site?
A) They transform into mast cells to release histamine.
B) They become macrophages and present antigens to CD4 T-cells.
C) They produce IgE antibodies.
D) They activate the coagulation cascade.
E) They cause vasoconstriction to stop bleeding.
Correct Answer: B) They become macrophages and present antigens to CD4 T-cells.
Rationale: Monocytes circulate in the blood and migrate into tissues to become
macrophages. As macrophages, they are highly effective at phagocytosis and act as antigen-
, 4
presenting cells (APCs). They "process" foreign material and "present" it to T-helper
(CD4) cells, which bridges the gap between innate inflammation and adaptive immunity.
Question 8
Which cytokine is primarily responsible for inducing fever, activating lymphocytes, and
stimulating the liver to produce acute-phase reactants?
A) Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
B) Interleukin-10 (IL-10)
C) Growth factor
D) Interferon
E) Histamine
Correct Answer: A) Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
Rationale: IL-1 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages. It is an
endogenous pyrogen, meaning it acts on the hypothalamus to raise body temperature
(fever). It also serves as a signal to activate other immune cells and increases the release of
Interleukin-6.
Question 9
The cytokine Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) is known to cause which systemic effect in
chronic inflammatory states or malignancy?
A) Weight gain and obesity
B) Muscle wasting (cachexia)
C) Increased bone density
D) Hypotension and vasodilation only
E) Decreased production of proinflammatory proteins
Correct Answer: B) Muscle wasting (cachexia)
Rationale: TNF-α is secreted by macrophages. While it is helpful in acute inflammation to
induce fever and protein synthesis, high levels—especially in chronic disease—cause muscle
wasting (cachexia) and can induce intravascular thrombosis.
Question 10
What is the primary function of the Complement system in the inflammatory response?
