CMST 1061 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2026

CMST 1061 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2026 Public Discourse - Answers designed to persuade or influence public audiences, usually centers on rhetorical exigence Rhetorical Exigence - Answers a problem that is capable of being solved by engaging in public communication Rhetor - Answers sender of the message, wants the audience to take action in order to help solve the exigence; rhetorical goal Discourse may be fashioned to: - Answers - initiate or maintain action - formulate a belief - aid in understanding - alter perceptions Target audience - Answers best possible audience to hear the message because they are most capable of helping the rhetor accomplish the goal Empirical (or Situated) audience - Answers individuals who are actually present to hear or view the message Evoked audience - Answers the textual construction of the audience created by the rhetor for the purpose of persuasion Criticized audience - Answers those who are in competition with the rhetor's interest Polarization - Answers breaks individuals into 2 groups: "Us" and "Them", the strategy used to create the criticized audience Constraints - Answers obstacles that stand between the rhetor and the attainment of the goal Internal Constraints - Answers beliefs, values and attitudes of the audience that must be changed in order for persuasion to occur External Constraints - Answers other things that physically obstruct you from taking action, even if persuasion has already occurred (people, objects, events and processes) The Sophists - Answers a group of men considered to be the first teachers of public speaking - believed in deceptive reasoning - Relativism - taught to be paid Socrates - Answers Objected to the sophists - did not believe in teaching for pay Plato - Answers - student of Socrates - first person to make ethics a relevant consideration - Ideal Truth and Ideal Society Aristotle - Answers - Student of Plato, but did not agree with his beliefs - believed absolute truth was unattainable - Principle of the Golden Mean - truth is probable, not absolute - logos, pathos, ethos - believed there were 2 truths: truths of natural science and social truths Ethics - Answers principles for acceptable and unacceptable behavior - guided by our societal value system Ethos - Answers persuasive potential of the speaker's character - must exhibit intelligence, virtue, and goodwill - ethics Initial Ethos - Answers ethos the rhetor has prior to the beginning of the speech or act Derived Ethos - Answers ethos the rhetor garners during the speech or act Terminal Ethos - Answers ethos that occurs at the completion of the speech or act Pathos - Answers emotional appeal Logos - Answers logical appeal, reason 1. Generalization 2. Principle 3. Analogy 4. Parallel Case 5. Sign 6. Causation - Answers What are the 6 types of Reasoning? Generalization - Answers inductive, draws a general conclusion about a class of people, objects, events, or processes Principle - Answers judges an object, event or process based on a universally held belief Analogy - Answers compares 2 dissimilar things for the purpose of drawing a conclusion based on their sharing a vital similarity Parallel Case - Answers compares 2 similar cases claiming what is true for one is true for the other Sign - Answers examines specific external clues to diagnose an underlying condition Causation - Answers argues the effects of something that are brought about by some underlying cause Logical fallacies - Answers errors in reasoning that can weaken an argument 1. Hasty generalization 2. Ad hominem 3. Either-or 4. Bandwagon 5. Slippery slope 6. False Cause 7. Scapegoating 8. Circular Reasoning - Answers What are the 8 logical fallacies? Manipulative Persuasion - Answers usually media based and works by appealing to the emotions of the audience through visual imagery, emotive music, and the use of attractive spokespeople - based on emotional appeals, or pathos - Utopia - Virtue - Saint - Answers What words illustrate POSITIVE emotions? - Wasteland - Vice - Sinner - Answers What words illustrate NEGATIVE emotions? Public Service Announcements - Answers noncommercial advertisements broadcast "for the public good." - created pro-bono Social Issue Posters - Answers - The goal is to create visual messages that advocate social change - Should motivate the public to participate in civil dialogue and, in turn, alter the way that public issues are understood - created pro-bono - Repetition - Constrast - Exaggeration of scale - Visual Metaphor - Answers What are the 4 techniques used in Social Issue Posters? Political Cartoons - Answers include visual symbols and humor to create persuasive messages - a simple line drawing or illustration with a humorous edge, designed to convey a social or political message 1. Statistics 2. Specific Instance 3. Illustration 4. Testimony from authorities - Answers Types of Evidence include what 4 things? Statistics - Answers consists of numbers, totals, percentages, ratios, polls, and surveys Specific Instance - Answers a brief example of a specific situation or occurrence of something Illustration - Answers an extended, detailed example of the idea or statement you wish to support, usually take the form of stories Testimony from authorities - Answers a quote or opinion from qualified experts in the specific fields any tool or service that uses the internet to facilitate conversations - can make us feel left out and can actually inhibit intelligent thought - the short-term effects of social exclusion posts create negative emotions in people who read them, and may affect thought processes in ways that make users more susceptible to advertising messages - Answers Social Media Semiotics - Answers the study of signs and symbols and their use or interpretation Mediated Communication - Answers Any communication that is carried out using some channel other than those used in face-to-face communication. Cyberbullying and Mediated communication - Answers a repeated (but not always) intentional act of aggression mediated through some form of electronic contact - not face-to-face - social exclusion - "When users see these exclusion signals from friends—who haven't really excluded them, but interpret it that way—they start to feel badly."