NURS 362 Final Exam Questions with
Guaranteed Pass Solutions 2025-2026
Updated.
what is the most common risk factor for cardiovascular disease? - Answer hypertension
AHA definition of HTN - Answer SBP >130, DBP >80
effects of HTN - Answer Increased pressure on vessel walls
Increases rate of atherosclerosis
Increases narrowing of vessels (obstruction)
Damages small vessels to organs
Increases workload of heart
Increases incidence of thrombus formation
effects of HTN on vessel damage - Answer can damage vessels in the:
Brain
Kidney
Heart
effects of HTN on cardiac workload - Answer R/L ventricle hypertrophy
Ventricle dilation
effects of HTN on thrombus formation - Answer Infarcts
CVA
Mesenteric, renal artery thrombi
risk factors for HTN - Answer Family history
Smoking
Dyslipidemia
Diabetes mellitus
Obesity
Inactivity
Poor education
,Low SES
Older age
african americans and HTN - Answer Highest prevalence
Develop at a younger age than whites
Higher mortality rate
Women>men have HTN
Do not respond well to ACE inhibitors
hispanic americans and HTN - Answer Lower awareness of HTN and treatments
Less likely to receive treatment than African Americans or Caucasions
Lower rates of adequate blood pressure control
asian americans and HTN - Answer Similar to African Americans, higher incidences of side
effects with ACE inhibitors
native americans and HTN - Answer Lower rates of BP control than African Americans and
Caucasians
men and HTN - Answer HTN more common before age 55
More likely to suffer a MI than stroke
women and HTN - Answer HTN more common after age 55
More likely to suffer a stroke than a MI
Links to menopause related factors, oral contraceptive use
normal BP - Answer <120 / <80
elevated BP - Answer 120-129/<80
stage 1 HTN - Answer 130-139/80-89
stage 2 HTN - Answer >140/>90
primary (essential, idiopathic) hypertension - Answer 95% of all cases
,Also known as essential hypertension
Numerous contributing factors
secondary hypertension - Answer Less common
Stems from another disorders (renal disease, alcohol abuse, pregnancy, etc.)
why are 75% of those with HTN not controlled? - Answer Excess body weight
Insufficient physical activity
Lifestyle modification
Complacency among providers
Poor compliance
Absence of symptoms (AKA "the silent killer")
complications of HTN - Answer Longstanding, untreated hypertension can result in end-
organ damage
Heart disease
Angina/MI (coronary artery disease)
Heart failure
Other vascular disorders
metabolic syndrome - Answer Also known as Insulin-Resistance Syndrome or Syndrome X or
Cardiovascular Dysmetabolic Syndrome
A group of physical characteristics /conditions that appear to predispose people to heart
disease
May require interventions to delay or prevent heart disease
metabolic syndrome s/sx - Answer Abdominal obesity >35" women, >40" men
Hypertension
Dyslipidemia (low HDL, high trig)
Hyperinsulinemia (& insulin resistance)
Glucose intolerance
causes of metabolic syndrome - Answer Abdominal obesity ("apples v. pears")
Physical inactivity
Genetic factors
Diet (high sat. fat intake)
, Aging
Hormones
management of HTN depends on - Answer Blood pressure
Presence of risk factors
Modifiable and non-modifiable
Presence of organ damage
Blood pressure goals are lower than for those w/ no complications
goals for management of HTN - Answer Prevent disability and death
Maintain BP lower than 130/80
lifestyle modifications for HTN: weight loss - Answer 10 pound weight gain can increase SBP
by 4 points.
Weight loss decreases BP, serum lipids, improves type II DM, risk for CAD.
lifestyle modifications for HTN: quit nicotine use in all forms - Answer Nicotine causes
catecholamine release
This causes increased HR and BP
lifestyle modifications for HTN: limit/avoid other substances that increase BP - Answer
Caffeine
Oral contraceptives
Tricyclic antidepressants
Cold medicine
Steroids
Illegal drugs (methamphetamine, cocaine, ecstasy - narrows arteries)
Alcohol
lifestyle modifications for HTN - Answer Stress management
Take medications as prescribed (over 60 HTN meds and numerous supportive meds)
Seek regular medical care
Body movement at least 3-4 x week
dietary management for HTN - Answer Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension = DASH
diet
Guaranteed Pass Solutions 2025-2026
Updated.
what is the most common risk factor for cardiovascular disease? - Answer hypertension
AHA definition of HTN - Answer SBP >130, DBP >80
effects of HTN - Answer Increased pressure on vessel walls
Increases rate of atherosclerosis
Increases narrowing of vessels (obstruction)
Damages small vessels to organs
Increases workload of heart
Increases incidence of thrombus formation
effects of HTN on vessel damage - Answer can damage vessels in the:
Brain
Kidney
Heart
effects of HTN on cardiac workload - Answer R/L ventricle hypertrophy
Ventricle dilation
effects of HTN on thrombus formation - Answer Infarcts
CVA
Mesenteric, renal artery thrombi
risk factors for HTN - Answer Family history
Smoking
Dyslipidemia
Diabetes mellitus
Obesity
Inactivity
Poor education
,Low SES
Older age
african americans and HTN - Answer Highest prevalence
Develop at a younger age than whites
Higher mortality rate
Women>men have HTN
Do not respond well to ACE inhibitors
hispanic americans and HTN - Answer Lower awareness of HTN and treatments
Less likely to receive treatment than African Americans or Caucasions
Lower rates of adequate blood pressure control
asian americans and HTN - Answer Similar to African Americans, higher incidences of side
effects with ACE inhibitors
native americans and HTN - Answer Lower rates of BP control than African Americans and
Caucasians
men and HTN - Answer HTN more common before age 55
More likely to suffer a MI than stroke
women and HTN - Answer HTN more common after age 55
More likely to suffer a stroke than a MI
Links to menopause related factors, oral contraceptive use
normal BP - Answer <120 / <80
elevated BP - Answer 120-129/<80
stage 1 HTN - Answer 130-139/80-89
stage 2 HTN - Answer >140/>90
primary (essential, idiopathic) hypertension - Answer 95% of all cases
,Also known as essential hypertension
Numerous contributing factors
secondary hypertension - Answer Less common
Stems from another disorders (renal disease, alcohol abuse, pregnancy, etc.)
why are 75% of those with HTN not controlled? - Answer Excess body weight
Insufficient physical activity
Lifestyle modification
Complacency among providers
Poor compliance
Absence of symptoms (AKA "the silent killer")
complications of HTN - Answer Longstanding, untreated hypertension can result in end-
organ damage
Heart disease
Angina/MI (coronary artery disease)
Heart failure
Other vascular disorders
metabolic syndrome - Answer Also known as Insulin-Resistance Syndrome or Syndrome X or
Cardiovascular Dysmetabolic Syndrome
A group of physical characteristics /conditions that appear to predispose people to heart
disease
May require interventions to delay or prevent heart disease
metabolic syndrome s/sx - Answer Abdominal obesity >35" women, >40" men
Hypertension
Dyslipidemia (low HDL, high trig)
Hyperinsulinemia (& insulin resistance)
Glucose intolerance
causes of metabolic syndrome - Answer Abdominal obesity ("apples v. pears")
Physical inactivity
Genetic factors
Diet (high sat. fat intake)
, Aging
Hormones
management of HTN depends on - Answer Blood pressure
Presence of risk factors
Modifiable and non-modifiable
Presence of organ damage
Blood pressure goals are lower than for those w/ no complications
goals for management of HTN - Answer Prevent disability and death
Maintain BP lower than 130/80
lifestyle modifications for HTN: weight loss - Answer 10 pound weight gain can increase SBP
by 4 points.
Weight loss decreases BP, serum lipids, improves type II DM, risk for CAD.
lifestyle modifications for HTN: quit nicotine use in all forms - Answer Nicotine causes
catecholamine release
This causes increased HR and BP
lifestyle modifications for HTN: limit/avoid other substances that increase BP - Answer
Caffeine
Oral contraceptives
Tricyclic antidepressants
Cold medicine
Steroids
Illegal drugs (methamphetamine, cocaine, ecstasy - narrows arteries)
Alcohol
lifestyle modifications for HTN - Answer Stress management
Take medications as prescribed (over 60 HTN meds and numerous supportive meds)
Seek regular medical care
Body movement at least 3-4 x week
dietary management for HTN - Answer Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension = DASH
diet
