NR 222 HEALTH AND WELLNESS UNIT 1 QUESTION AND ANSWERS. DOWNLOAD TO SCORE A. RATED A+

1. Margaret Newman: define of health in 2 paradigms: a. Wellness-illness continuum a.i. Dichotomized portrayal of health and illness ranging from high- level wellness to depletion of health a.i.1. High-level wellness is a sense of well-being, life satisfaction, and quality of life a.i.1.a. Involves progression toward higher level of functioning, an open-ended and ever-expanding future with its challenge of fuller potential and integration of whole being a.i.1.a.i. Contains ideas similar to eudaimonistic model . Emphasizes interrelationship between environment and ability to achieve health on both personal and societal level a.i.2. Negative end is the adaptation to disease and disability through levels of functional ability a.i.3. Used to conform to scientific methods that seek to control contextual effects, provide basis for causal explanations, and predict future outcomes a.i.4. Adding second dimension of favorability of person’s environment for health and wellness crates a matrix where favorable environment allows high-level wellness to occur and an unfavorable environment allows low-level wellness to exist a.i.4.a. Now it became possible to combine clinical model of health with models based on social and environmental parameters . Characterizes health as a perspective developmental phenomenon of unitary patterning of the person-environment .1. Conceptualized as expanding consciousness, pattern or meaning recognition, personal transformation, and self- NR222 Unit 1 actualization .2. Seeks to address dynamic whole of health experience through behavioral and social mechanisms over time .3. Each person is seen as a part of a complex, interconnected biological and social system 2. Ecological model of health a. Useful for promoting health at individual, family, community, and societal levels b. Emphasizes social determinants of health b.i. Factors in society that have an influence on health and the options available to people to improve or maintain their health c. Health as adaptation and eudomonia (self-actualization) d. Social determinants of health forms basis for Healthy People 2020 3. Before 1940: a. Infectious diseases claimed lives of many children and young adults b. Health viewed as absence of disease c. Physician- independent practice, primary provider of health care services, provided in private office d. Federal government- only beginning to establish role in working with states to address public health and welfare issues 4. : a. Health became linked to person’s ability to fulfill role in society b. Physician- asked to complete physicals for school, work, military, and insurance c. Federal government- expanded role through funding for hospital expansion and establishment of new Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (DHEW) d. Recognized that a person might recover from a disease and still be unable to fulfill family or work roles because of residual changes from illness e. Disability and rehabilitation entered as concepts f. Work or school was viewed as possible contributors to health, illness, disability, and death 5. 1960- present a. Federal and state governments attempted to control spending and health care costs NR222 Unit 1 b. Primary care providers now attempt to involve individuals and families in delivery of person-centered care and teaching individuals about individual responsibilities and lifestyle choices c. Health care became interdisciplinary endeavor d. Health became linked to individual’s reactions to environment rather than a fixed state 6. Models of Health a. Clinical a.i. Health defined by absence and illness by conspicuous presence of signs and symptoms of disease . Don’t seek preventive health services and wait until are very ill to seek care b. Role Performance b.i. Health defined in erms of individual’s aility to perform social roles . Includes work, family, and social roles, wit performance based of societal expectations . Illness would be failure to perform roles at level of others in society . Basis for occupational health evaluations, school physical examinations, and physician-excused absences c. Adaptive c.i. People’s ability to adjust positively to social, mental, and physiological change is the measure of their health . Illness occurs when person fails to adapt or becomes maladaptive to these changes . Spirituality can be useful in adapting to decreased level of functioning in older adults d. Eudaimonistic d.i. Exuberant well-being indicates optimal health . Emphasizes interactions between physical, social, psychological, and spiritual aspects of life and environment that contribute to goal attainment and create meaning NR222 Unit 1 . Illness reflected by denervation or languishing, lack of involvement with life . Person dying of cancer may still be healthy if that person is finding meaning in life at this stage of development 7. Health Ecology a. Recognizes interconnection between people and their physical and social environments b. Health is multidimensional, extending from individual into surrounding community, and including context within which the person functions c. Incorporates systems approach within which actions of one portion of system affect functioning of system as a whole