URR ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY EXAM UPDATED
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT VERIFIED
ANSWERS 2026/2027
what should be done if patient experiences a vasovagal response? - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>place patient in Trendelenburg position. this increases venous
return to the heart.
which method of cardiac cath is used to assess aortic and mitral stenosis? -
CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Gorlin Formula
which method of cardiac cath is used to assess cardiac output and O2 saturation? -
CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Fick Method
what is another name for right heart cath? - ✔✔✔ANSWER>>>>Swan-Ganz
Catheterization
where can catheter be inserted for a right heart cath? -
✔✔✔ANSWER>>>>Antecubital Vein, IJV, Subclavian Vein or Superficial
Femoral Vein
left heart cath is inserted into the and is most commonly used to evaluate . -
✔✔✔ANSWER>>>>Superficial Femoral Artery and advanced into Aorta,
evaluates CAD
Page | 1
, where is the cath inserted for a coronary angiography? -
✔✔✔ANSWER>>>>brachial artery or Superficial Femoral Artery. it is
advanced into Ao Root
a stenosis of > % indicates significant stenosis requiring treatment - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>70%
what are 3 isotopes of nuclear cardiology? - ✔✔✔ANSWER>>>>thallium,
cardiolyte and technetium
cardiac MRI is limited in evaluating what? - ✔✔✔ANSWER>>>>valvular
structures and fine motion of leaflets
what 3 things can a lateral scar between 4th and 5th rib indicate? - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>shunt placement, coarctation repair and PDA ligation
what is the most commonly occurring congenital anamoly in pediatric patients? -
CORRECT ANSWER>>>>VSD but many close spontaneously
what are the most common congenital defects seen in adults? -
CORRECT ANSWER>>>>bicuspid AoV (#1), MVP and ASD what
type of murmur is associated with VSD? -
✔✔✔ANSWER>>>>holosystolic
what does the Qp/Qs ratio asses? - ✔✔✔ANSWER>>>>changes in cardiac
output in the right heart vs. left heart
a significant shunt is detected if the Qp/Qs ratio is : or higher -
CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>2:1
, Qp stands for what? - ✔✔✔ANSWER>>>>Pulmonary Cardiac
Output Qs stands for what? - ✔✔✔ANSWER>>>>Systemic
Cardiac Output
for Qp, measure the diameter at the base of the in mid diastole. -
✔✔✔ANSWER>>>>RVOT diameter, pulmonary leaflets
for Qs, measure the diameter at the base of the . - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>LVOT, aortic leaflets
CSA= x diameter ² - ✔✔✔ANSWER>>>>CSA=.785xLVOT(or
RVOT)diameter ²
formula for pulmonic or systemic SV= × × - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>SV=CSA×VTI×100 formula for oulmonic or systemic
CO= × - ✔✔✔ANSWER>>>>CO=SV×HR
the most common type of VSD is and it is located in . the best view to see it is .
- ✔✔✔ANSWER>>>>Perimembranous, found in LVOT near AoV.
best seen in PLAX
what is the second most common type of VSD and where is it located? -
CORRECT ANSWER>>>>muscular/trabecular. located in the muscular portion of
IVS
an outlet/supracristal VSD is located in the and 60-70% have
associated - ✔✔✔ANSWER>>>>RVOT, right aortic cusp prolapse
an Inlet VSD is located in the septum - ✔✔✔ANSWER>>>>posterior septum
Page | 3
, small VSDs can lead to what? - ✔✔✔ANSWER>>>>dilated LV with hyperkinesis
+ LA dilation= left heart volume overload
large VSDs can lead to what syndrome with what type of shunt? -
CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Eisenmenger syndrome with right to left
shunt shunt flow in VSD is usually to - ✔✔✔ANSWER>>>>left to
right
Qp/Qs ratio of > : ___ require surgical intervention - ✔✔✔ANSWER>>>>>1.5:1
to get RVSP with VSD, you first need to calculate the pressure gradient across
VSD with the
equation. after you obtain this, what is the formula to get RVSP? - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>bernoulli. RVSP=systolic BP-VSD gradient
what is the second most common form of congenital heart disease? - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>ASD (after bicuspid AoV)
the most common type of ASD is and it is located in the area. associated
with - ✔✔✔ANSWER>>>>septum secundum, located in the mid septal area.
associated with MVP
what is the second most common type of ASD and what is it associated with? -
CORRECT ANSWER>>>>septum primum (close to MV and TV), associated
with cleft MV
what type of ASD is an absence of the septum and what syndrome is it associated
with? - ✔✔✔ANSWER>>>>Common Atrium ASD, associated with Ellis Can
Creveld Syndrome
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT VERIFIED
ANSWERS 2026/2027
what should be done if patient experiences a vasovagal response? - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>place patient in Trendelenburg position. this increases venous
return to the heart.
which method of cardiac cath is used to assess aortic and mitral stenosis? -
CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Gorlin Formula
which method of cardiac cath is used to assess cardiac output and O2 saturation? -
CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Fick Method
what is another name for right heart cath? - ✔✔✔ANSWER>>>>Swan-Ganz
Catheterization
where can catheter be inserted for a right heart cath? -
✔✔✔ANSWER>>>>Antecubital Vein, IJV, Subclavian Vein or Superficial
Femoral Vein
left heart cath is inserted into the and is most commonly used to evaluate . -
✔✔✔ANSWER>>>>Superficial Femoral Artery and advanced into Aorta,
evaluates CAD
Page | 1
, where is the cath inserted for a coronary angiography? -
✔✔✔ANSWER>>>>brachial artery or Superficial Femoral Artery. it is
advanced into Ao Root
a stenosis of > % indicates significant stenosis requiring treatment - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>70%
what are 3 isotopes of nuclear cardiology? - ✔✔✔ANSWER>>>>thallium,
cardiolyte and technetium
cardiac MRI is limited in evaluating what? - ✔✔✔ANSWER>>>>valvular
structures and fine motion of leaflets
what 3 things can a lateral scar between 4th and 5th rib indicate? - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>shunt placement, coarctation repair and PDA ligation
what is the most commonly occurring congenital anamoly in pediatric patients? -
CORRECT ANSWER>>>>VSD but many close spontaneously
what are the most common congenital defects seen in adults? -
CORRECT ANSWER>>>>bicuspid AoV (#1), MVP and ASD what
type of murmur is associated with VSD? -
✔✔✔ANSWER>>>>holosystolic
what does the Qp/Qs ratio asses? - ✔✔✔ANSWER>>>>changes in cardiac
output in the right heart vs. left heart
a significant shunt is detected if the Qp/Qs ratio is : or higher -
CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>2:1
, Qp stands for what? - ✔✔✔ANSWER>>>>Pulmonary Cardiac
Output Qs stands for what? - ✔✔✔ANSWER>>>>Systemic
Cardiac Output
for Qp, measure the diameter at the base of the in mid diastole. -
✔✔✔ANSWER>>>>RVOT diameter, pulmonary leaflets
for Qs, measure the diameter at the base of the . - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>LVOT, aortic leaflets
CSA= x diameter ² - ✔✔✔ANSWER>>>>CSA=.785xLVOT(or
RVOT)diameter ²
formula for pulmonic or systemic SV= × × - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>SV=CSA×VTI×100 formula for oulmonic or systemic
CO= × - ✔✔✔ANSWER>>>>CO=SV×HR
the most common type of VSD is and it is located in . the best view to see it is .
- ✔✔✔ANSWER>>>>Perimembranous, found in LVOT near AoV.
best seen in PLAX
what is the second most common type of VSD and where is it located? -
CORRECT ANSWER>>>>muscular/trabecular. located in the muscular portion of
IVS
an outlet/supracristal VSD is located in the and 60-70% have
associated - ✔✔✔ANSWER>>>>RVOT, right aortic cusp prolapse
an Inlet VSD is located in the septum - ✔✔✔ANSWER>>>>posterior septum
Page | 3
, small VSDs can lead to what? - ✔✔✔ANSWER>>>>dilated LV with hyperkinesis
+ LA dilation= left heart volume overload
large VSDs can lead to what syndrome with what type of shunt? -
CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Eisenmenger syndrome with right to left
shunt shunt flow in VSD is usually to - ✔✔✔ANSWER>>>>left to
right
Qp/Qs ratio of > : ___ require surgical intervention - ✔✔✔ANSWER>>>>>1.5:1
to get RVSP with VSD, you first need to calculate the pressure gradient across
VSD with the
equation. after you obtain this, what is the formula to get RVSP? - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>bernoulli. RVSP=systolic BP-VSD gradient
what is the second most common form of congenital heart disease? - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>ASD (after bicuspid AoV)
the most common type of ASD is and it is located in the area. associated
with - ✔✔✔ANSWER>>>>septum secundum, located in the mid septal area.
associated with MVP
what is the second most common type of ASD and what is it associated with? -
CORRECT ANSWER>>>>septum primum (close to MV and TV), associated
with cleft MV
what type of ASD is an absence of the septum and what syndrome is it associated
with? - ✔✔✔ANSWER>>>>Common Atrium ASD, associated with Ellis Can
Creveld Syndrome
