(Chapter 18 Hormones) BIOL 2458 UT ARLINGTON
SPRING 2026 DR FREDERICK Questions With Complete
Solutions
1st messenger Correct Answers hormones that lead to 2nd
messenger
2nd messenger Correct Answers chemical messenger, not a
protein, may act as enzyme inhibitor, activator or cofactor. Not
always 2nd in the pathway (cAMP, cGMP and Ca+)
accelerated glucose intake Correct Answers effect of insulin on
target cells that results from increased glucose transport
proteins, moved by facilitated diffusion and do not require ATP
accelerated glucose utilization Correct Answers effect of insulin
on target cells that occurs because the rate of glucose entering is
the same used (the more glucose comes in the more is used) and
also when 2nd messengers activate enzyme involved in
glycolysis, this increases ATP production.
Adenohypophysis Correct Answers anterior lobe of the pituitary
gland. Releases adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Thyroid-
stimulating hormone (TSH), growth hormone (GH), prolactin
(PRL), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone
(LH) and melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH).
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (corticotropin) Correct
Answers stimulates release of steroid hormones by suprarenal
cortex (ex glucocorticoids affect glucose metabolism, when they
increase, CRH & ACTH decline)
,Alarm phase Correct Answers "fight or flight" directed by
sympathetic division of CNS, glucose reserves are mobilized,
body prepares for stress, epinephrine is the dominant hormone
alarm phase Correct Answers phase of the general adaptive
syndrome or stress response dominated by the hormone
epinephrine
Aldosterone Correct Answers main mineralocorticoid on the
zona glumerulosa. Stimulates concentration of Na+ and
elimination of K, water retention, prevents loss of Na+ in urine
and sweat.
alpha cells Correct Answers produce glucagon, hormone that
stimulates glycogen breakdown.
Alpha cells in the pancreatic islets secrete Correct Answers
glucagon which raises blood sugar
Amino acid derivative hormones Correct Answers also called
biogenic amines. Consist of derivatives of Thyrosine and
Thryptophan.
Amplification Correct Answers small number of hormone
molecules bound to receptors may activate thousands of 2nd
messengers
Antagonism Correct Answers phenomenon in which two
hormones that are present at the same time produce an effect
that is weaker than the effect of either one acting alone.
, Antagonistic effects Correct Answers opposing effect (ex:
calcitonin and PTH or glucagon and insulin)
anterior lobe of the pituitary Correct Answers releases seven
hormones controlling various other endocrine organs and tissues
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Correct Answers released in
response to rise in solute concentration in blood, fall in blood
pressure or volume.
Atrial natriuretic peptide Correct Answers promotes sodium ion
loss and water loss
beta cells Correct Answers produce insulin, hormone that
lowers blood sugar by stimulating glucose uptake on target cells
and also increase glycogen synthesis. They secrete amylin.
Bound Hormones Correct Answers Thyroid & steroid hormones
bound to transport proteins, remain on circulation much longer
and enter the bloodstream, more than 99% attached to special
transport protein
Calcitriol Correct Answers steroid hormone release by the
kidneys on response to PTH. Stimulates calcium and phosphate
absorption on the digestive tract.
Calmodium Correct Answers protein that combines with Ca+
that act as 2nd messengers. It activates cytoplasmic enzymes.
SPRING 2026 DR FREDERICK Questions With Complete
Solutions
1st messenger Correct Answers hormones that lead to 2nd
messenger
2nd messenger Correct Answers chemical messenger, not a
protein, may act as enzyme inhibitor, activator or cofactor. Not
always 2nd in the pathway (cAMP, cGMP and Ca+)
accelerated glucose intake Correct Answers effect of insulin on
target cells that results from increased glucose transport
proteins, moved by facilitated diffusion and do not require ATP
accelerated glucose utilization Correct Answers effect of insulin
on target cells that occurs because the rate of glucose entering is
the same used (the more glucose comes in the more is used) and
also when 2nd messengers activate enzyme involved in
glycolysis, this increases ATP production.
Adenohypophysis Correct Answers anterior lobe of the pituitary
gland. Releases adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Thyroid-
stimulating hormone (TSH), growth hormone (GH), prolactin
(PRL), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone
(LH) and melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH).
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (corticotropin) Correct
Answers stimulates release of steroid hormones by suprarenal
cortex (ex glucocorticoids affect glucose metabolism, when they
increase, CRH & ACTH decline)
,Alarm phase Correct Answers "fight or flight" directed by
sympathetic division of CNS, glucose reserves are mobilized,
body prepares for stress, epinephrine is the dominant hormone
alarm phase Correct Answers phase of the general adaptive
syndrome or stress response dominated by the hormone
epinephrine
Aldosterone Correct Answers main mineralocorticoid on the
zona glumerulosa. Stimulates concentration of Na+ and
elimination of K, water retention, prevents loss of Na+ in urine
and sweat.
alpha cells Correct Answers produce glucagon, hormone that
stimulates glycogen breakdown.
Alpha cells in the pancreatic islets secrete Correct Answers
glucagon which raises blood sugar
Amino acid derivative hormones Correct Answers also called
biogenic amines. Consist of derivatives of Thyrosine and
Thryptophan.
Amplification Correct Answers small number of hormone
molecules bound to receptors may activate thousands of 2nd
messengers
Antagonism Correct Answers phenomenon in which two
hormones that are present at the same time produce an effect
that is weaker than the effect of either one acting alone.
, Antagonistic effects Correct Answers opposing effect (ex:
calcitonin and PTH or glucagon and insulin)
anterior lobe of the pituitary Correct Answers releases seven
hormones controlling various other endocrine organs and tissues
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Correct Answers released in
response to rise in solute concentration in blood, fall in blood
pressure or volume.
Atrial natriuretic peptide Correct Answers promotes sodium ion
loss and water loss
beta cells Correct Answers produce insulin, hormone that
lowers blood sugar by stimulating glucose uptake on target cells
and also increase glycogen synthesis. They secrete amylin.
Bound Hormones Correct Answers Thyroid & steroid hormones
bound to transport proteins, remain on circulation much longer
and enter the bloodstream, more than 99% attached to special
transport protein
Calcitriol Correct Answers steroid hormone release by the
kidneys on response to PTH. Stimulates calcium and phosphate
absorption on the digestive tract.
Calmodium Correct Answers protein that combines with Ca+
that act as 2nd messengers. It activates cytoplasmic enzymes.
