ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I FINAL FINAL
PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ What is it about water's characteristics that make it a good
solvent? Answer: -It is water's chemical composition and physical
attributes that make it such an excellent solvent.
-Water molecules have a polar arrangement of the oxygen and
hydrogen atoms—one side (hydrogen) has a positive electrical
charge and the other side (oxygen) had a negative charge.
◉ Proteins & Nucleic Acids Answer: *Molecular Structure(s)*:
*Proteins*: An organic molecule that is made up of carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur, amino acids and
that is needed to build and repair body structures and to regulate
processes in the body.
*Nucleic Acids*: Macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus, Polymers of nucleotides.
,*Found in Body*:
*Proteins*: *Keratin* is a structural protein found in our *skin, hair,
and nails*. *Collagen protein fibers* are located in many parts of the
body, including the *muscles, tendons, ligaments, and bones.*
*Nucleic Acids*:
The main role of nucleic acids is to store information that is used to
make proteins. Nucleic acids come in two main forms:
deoxyribonucleic acids, also known as DNA, and ribonucleic acids,
also known as RNA. The main function of DNA is to store the genetic
information that cells in the body need to function.
◉ Phospholipids Answer: A molecule that is a constituent of the
inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic
head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.
Where do you find phosopholipids in the body?
-Cell membranes
◉ ATP Answer: (Adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that
cells use for most of their work
,Mitochondria is the organelle responsible for producing ATP for
aerobic production.
◉ What is cellular respiration? Answer: Cellular respiration is a set
of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of
organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into
adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products.
◉ What are the functions of the plasma membrane? Answer:
Encloses the cell and mediates interactions between the cell and its
environment.
Functions:
1. Isolates
2. Regulates
3. Communicates
◉ Organelles Answer: Membrane-enclosed structures that performs
specific functions in the cell.
1. Endoplasmis reticulum (ER): Forms membrane-enclosed channels
within the cytoplasm.
, a) Rough endoplasmic reticulum (Rough ER): Attached ribosomes;
functions in synthesizing phospholipids and proteins.
b) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (Smooth ER): NO attached
ribosomes; synthesizes lipids
2. Golgi complex: Sorts, chemically alters and packages molecules,
then ships them out of the cell (UPS station)
3. Lysomes: Cell's digestive system; phagocytosis.
4. Mitochondria: powerhouse of the cell; produces ATP.
5. Nucleus: Nucleolus (center); Nuclear envelope (selective exchange
of materials); Nuclear membrane (double membrane studded with
ribosomes)
6. Centriole: A minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in
animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of
spindle fibers in cell division.
◉ In what organelles would you find DNA/RNA? How are they
similar and how are they different? Answer: Deoxyribonucleic Acid
(DNA) is found mainly in the nucleus of the cell, while Ribonucleic
PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ What is it about water's characteristics that make it a good
solvent? Answer: -It is water's chemical composition and physical
attributes that make it such an excellent solvent.
-Water molecules have a polar arrangement of the oxygen and
hydrogen atoms—one side (hydrogen) has a positive electrical
charge and the other side (oxygen) had a negative charge.
◉ Proteins & Nucleic Acids Answer: *Molecular Structure(s)*:
*Proteins*: An organic molecule that is made up of carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur, amino acids and
that is needed to build and repair body structures and to regulate
processes in the body.
*Nucleic Acids*: Macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus, Polymers of nucleotides.
,*Found in Body*:
*Proteins*: *Keratin* is a structural protein found in our *skin, hair,
and nails*. *Collagen protein fibers* are located in many parts of the
body, including the *muscles, tendons, ligaments, and bones.*
*Nucleic Acids*:
The main role of nucleic acids is to store information that is used to
make proteins. Nucleic acids come in two main forms:
deoxyribonucleic acids, also known as DNA, and ribonucleic acids,
also known as RNA. The main function of DNA is to store the genetic
information that cells in the body need to function.
◉ Phospholipids Answer: A molecule that is a constituent of the
inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic
head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.
Where do you find phosopholipids in the body?
-Cell membranes
◉ ATP Answer: (Adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that
cells use for most of their work
,Mitochondria is the organelle responsible for producing ATP for
aerobic production.
◉ What is cellular respiration? Answer: Cellular respiration is a set
of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of
organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into
adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products.
◉ What are the functions of the plasma membrane? Answer:
Encloses the cell and mediates interactions between the cell and its
environment.
Functions:
1. Isolates
2. Regulates
3. Communicates
◉ Organelles Answer: Membrane-enclosed structures that performs
specific functions in the cell.
1. Endoplasmis reticulum (ER): Forms membrane-enclosed channels
within the cytoplasm.
, a) Rough endoplasmic reticulum (Rough ER): Attached ribosomes;
functions in synthesizing phospholipids and proteins.
b) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (Smooth ER): NO attached
ribosomes; synthesizes lipids
2. Golgi complex: Sorts, chemically alters and packages molecules,
then ships them out of the cell (UPS station)
3. Lysomes: Cell's digestive system; phagocytosis.
4. Mitochondria: powerhouse of the cell; produces ATP.
5. Nucleus: Nucleolus (center); Nuclear envelope (selective exchange
of materials); Nuclear membrane (double membrane studded with
ribosomes)
6. Centriole: A minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in
animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of
spindle fibers in cell division.
◉ In what organelles would you find DNA/RNA? How are they
similar and how are they different? Answer: Deoxyribonucleic Acid
(DNA) is found mainly in the nucleus of the cell, while Ribonucleic
