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Nr 507 week 7 quiz SG with 100%
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Patho Week 7 Quiz
Musculoskeletal:
A fracture is a break in the continuity of a bone. A break occurs when force is applied
that exceeds the tensile or compressive strength of the bone.
●Types of Fracture:
Classified as Complete or incomplete and Open or closed fracture.
➢ Fractures may be further classified by cause as pathologic, stress, or
transchondral fracture.
➢ A pathologic fracture is a break at the site of a preexisting abnormality (such as a
tumor), usually by force that would not fracture a healthy bone. Any disease
process that weakens a bone (especially the cortex) predisposes the bone to
pathologic fracture. This type of fracture is most commonly associated with
tumors, infections, osteoporosis, and other metabolic bone disorders.
➢ Insufficiency fractures include fragility fractures of osteoporosis and
osteomalacia, and occur in bones lacking normal ability to deform and recover
(i.e., normal weight bearing or activity fractures the bone).
Transchondral Fractures:
● Consists of fragmentation and separation of a portion of the articular cartilage
that covers the end of a bone at a joint. (Joint structures are defined in Chapter
44.)
● The fragments may consist of cartilage alone or cartilage and bone.
● Typical sites of transchondral fractures are the distal femur, the ankle, the
kneecap, the elbow, and the wrist. Most
● prevalent in
adolescents.
Osteoporosis:
➢ Porous
bone.
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➢ Characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD), impaired structural integrity
of the bone, decreased bone strength, and the risk of fracture.
➢ Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disorder in which the rate of bone resorption
accelerates and the rate of bone formation decelerates. The result is decreased
bone mass. Bones affected by this disease lose calcium and phosphate and
become porous, brittle, and abnormally prone to fracture.
➢ Two types of osteoporosis: primary or idiopathic osteoporosis, which is the most
common; and secondary osteoporosis.
Screening Test of osteoporosis:
➢ Types of radiologic examinations include single- or dual-photon absorptiometry
(SXA, DXA) and computed tomography (CT) scans. Because osteoporosis is
asymptomatic unless a fracture occurs, diagnosis is often delayed. At present,
DXA is the current examination of choice for diagnosis.
➢ Measuring bone mineral density (BMD) by using dual x-ray absorptiometry
(DXA) continues to be the most common method of estimating bone mass.
➢ Bone quality relates not just to bone mass (as measured by bone density) but also
to the microarchitecture of the bone.
➢ Tests for levels of serum calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase as well
as protein electrophoresis. Body calcium levels also can be measured by neuron
activation analysis, a procedure involving use of radioactive calcium-49, whose
gamma activity can be measured with a whole-body counter.
Gout (Causes of Pain):
➢ Gout is an inflammatory response to excessive quantities of uric acid in the blood
(hyperuricemia) and in other body fluids, including synovial fluid.
➢ Gout is manifested by
(1) an increase in serum urate concentration (hyperuricemia);
(2) recurrent attacks of monoarticular arthritis (inflammation of a single joint);
(3) deposits of monosodium urate monohydrate (tophi) in and around the joints;
(4) renal disease involving glomerular, tubular, and interstitial tissues and blood
vessels; and (5) the formation of renal stones.
Pathological features of degenerative joint disease:
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➢ Inflammatory degenerative joint disease in which synthesis and degradation of
the articular cartilage in the movable joints are altered, resulting in wearing and
destruction of cartilage.
➢ Osteoarthritis is chronic, causing deterioration of the joint cartilage and
formation of reactive new bone called osteophytes at the margins and
subchondral (below the cartilage) areas of the joints. This degeneration results
from a breakdown of chondrocytes (cartilage cells), most commonly in the hips
and knees.
Osteomalacia:
➔ metabolic disease characterized by inadequate and delayed mineralization of
osteoid in mature compact and spongy bone.
➔ Chronically low serum phosphate levels can be caused by tumors resulting in
osteomalacia.
➔ Most important factor of Osteomalacia Vitamin D deficiency. ← Major causes:
dietary, decreased endogenous production of vitamin D, intestinal malabsorption
of vitamin D, renal tubular diseases, and anticonvulsant therapy.
Epicondylopathy (Epicondylitis):
Epicondylitis is inflammation of a tendon where it attaches to a bone (at its origin). Most
tendon pathology, however, is caused by tissue degeneration rather than inflammation.
Epicondylar areas of the humerus, radius, or ulna and the area around the knee are most
often involved.
➢ Lateral epicondylopathy, commonly called tennis elbow, is the result of tissue
degeneration or irritation of the extensor carpi radialis
brevis epicondylopathy, tendon at its origin.
➢ Medial referred to as golfer's elbow, is a
degenerative process of the pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, and palmaris
longus tendons at the medial humeral condyle (Fig. 45.6).
➢ Epicondylopathy is also related to smoking, obesity, and work activities that
involve forceful or repetitive cyclic flexion and extension of the elbow, or cyclic
pronation, supination, extension, and flexion of the wrist that generates loads to
the elbow and forearm region.
Hip fractures secondary to osteoporosis:
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Nr 507 week 7 quiz SG with 100%
accurate solutions already graded A+
Patho Week 7 Quiz
Musculoskeletal:
A fracture is a break in the continuity of a bone. A break occurs when force is applied
that exceeds the tensile or compressive strength of the bone.
●Types of Fracture:
Classified as Complete or incomplete and Open or closed fracture.
➢ Fractures may be further classified by cause as pathologic, stress, or
transchondral fracture.
➢ A pathologic fracture is a break at the site of a preexisting abnormality (such as a
tumor), usually by force that would not fracture a healthy bone. Any disease
process that weakens a bone (especially the cortex) predisposes the bone to
pathologic fracture. This type of fracture is most commonly associated with
tumors, infections, osteoporosis, and other metabolic bone disorders.
➢ Insufficiency fractures include fragility fractures of osteoporosis and
osteomalacia, and occur in bones lacking normal ability to deform and recover
(i.e., normal weight bearing or activity fractures the bone).
Transchondral Fractures:
● Consists of fragmentation and separation of a portion of the articular cartilage
that covers the end of a bone at a joint. (Joint structures are defined in Chapter
44.)
● The fragments may consist of cartilage alone or cartilage and bone.
● Typical sites of transchondral fractures are the distal femur, the ankle, the
kneecap, the elbow, and the wrist. Most
● prevalent in
adolescents.
Osteoporosis:
➢ Porous
bone.
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➢ Characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD), impaired structural integrity
of the bone, decreased bone strength, and the risk of fracture.
➢ Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disorder in which the rate of bone resorption
accelerates and the rate of bone formation decelerates. The result is decreased
bone mass. Bones affected by this disease lose calcium and phosphate and
become porous, brittle, and abnormally prone to fracture.
➢ Two types of osteoporosis: primary or idiopathic osteoporosis, which is the most
common; and secondary osteoporosis.
Screening Test of osteoporosis:
➢ Types of radiologic examinations include single- or dual-photon absorptiometry
(SXA, DXA) and computed tomography (CT) scans. Because osteoporosis is
asymptomatic unless a fracture occurs, diagnosis is often delayed. At present,
DXA is the current examination of choice for diagnosis.
➢ Measuring bone mineral density (BMD) by using dual x-ray absorptiometry
(DXA) continues to be the most common method of estimating bone mass.
➢ Bone quality relates not just to bone mass (as measured by bone density) but also
to the microarchitecture of the bone.
➢ Tests for levels of serum calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase as well
as protein electrophoresis. Body calcium levels also can be measured by neuron
activation analysis, a procedure involving use of radioactive calcium-49, whose
gamma activity can be measured with a whole-body counter.
Gout (Causes of Pain):
➢ Gout is an inflammatory response to excessive quantities of uric acid in the blood
(hyperuricemia) and in other body fluids, including synovial fluid.
➢ Gout is manifested by
(1) an increase in serum urate concentration (hyperuricemia);
(2) recurrent attacks of monoarticular arthritis (inflammation of a single joint);
(3) deposits of monosodium urate monohydrate (tophi) in and around the joints;
(4) renal disease involving glomerular, tubular, and interstitial tissues and blood
vessels; and (5) the formation of renal stones.
Pathological features of degenerative joint disease:
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➢ Inflammatory degenerative joint disease in which synthesis and degradation of
the articular cartilage in the movable joints are altered, resulting in wearing and
destruction of cartilage.
➢ Osteoarthritis is chronic, causing deterioration of the joint cartilage and
formation of reactive new bone called osteophytes at the margins and
subchondral (below the cartilage) areas of the joints. This degeneration results
from a breakdown of chondrocytes (cartilage cells), most commonly in the hips
and knees.
Osteomalacia:
➔ metabolic disease characterized by inadequate and delayed mineralization of
osteoid in mature compact and spongy bone.
➔ Chronically low serum phosphate levels can be caused by tumors resulting in
osteomalacia.
➔ Most important factor of Osteomalacia Vitamin D deficiency. ← Major causes:
dietary, decreased endogenous production of vitamin D, intestinal malabsorption
of vitamin D, renal tubular diseases, and anticonvulsant therapy.
Epicondylopathy (Epicondylitis):
Epicondylitis is inflammation of a tendon where it attaches to a bone (at its origin). Most
tendon pathology, however, is caused by tissue degeneration rather than inflammation.
Epicondylar areas of the humerus, radius, or ulna and the area around the knee are most
often involved.
➢ Lateral epicondylopathy, commonly called tennis elbow, is the result of tissue
degeneration or irritation of the extensor carpi radialis
brevis epicondylopathy, tendon at its origin.
➢ Medial referred to as golfer's elbow, is a
degenerative process of the pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, and palmaris
longus tendons at the medial humeral condyle (Fig. 45.6).
➢ Epicondylopathy is also related to smoking, obesity, and work activities that
involve forceful or repetitive cyclic flexion and extension of the elbow, or cyclic
pronation, supination, extension, and flexion of the wrist that generates loads to
the elbow and forearm region.
Hip fractures secondary to osteoporosis:
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