NURS 6233 MIDTERM NURS 6233 MIDTERM 2026 EXAMINATION AND
ALREADY GRADED A+.
1. During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes split and each half is
pulled to the opposite side of the cell?
Anaphase
2. What is the basic unit of DNA, composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose
sugar, and a phosphate?
Nucleotide
3. What is the name for the type of chromatin remodeling that can lead to
pathology such as cancer if done inappropriately?
Inappropriate remodeling = can lead to pathology (CA)
4. What is the name for the branch of genetics that involves the study of
chromosomes?
Cytogenetics
5. What is the process called when the primary mRNA transcript, which is an
exact complement to DNA, is modified before leaving the nucleus by
removing sections and splicing the remaining sections together?
Gene Splicing
6. What is the name for the chromosomal disorder that involves an extra copy
of chromosome 21?
Down Syndrome (AKA Trisomy 21)
7. What is the name for the type of mutation that occurs in a gamete and can
be inherited?
Gamete mutation = inherited
8. What is the name of the process where the cytoplasm divides to form two
new daughter cells?
Cytokinesis
9. What is the name for the alternative forms of a gene found at the same
locus on homologous chromosome?
Allele
10.What is the temporary visible thread-like structure that contains genes?
Chromosome
11.What is the name for the precise position of each gene along a
chromosome?
Locus
,12.What is the term for the observable physical, biochemical, and
physiological appearance of an individual, resulting from the interaction
between environment and genotype?
Phenotype
13.What is the classification of single gene disorders that includes autosomal
dominant, autosomal recessive, and X linked?
Classification of Single Gene Disorders
14.What is the bond that joins two amino acids together?
Peptide bonds joins 2 A.A's
15.What is the total number of chromosomes in each human cell?
46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
16.What is the name for the weak bonds that allow DNA to separate during
transcription?
Hydrogen bonds
17.Who developed the theory of evolution and natural selection, also known
as survival of the fittest?
Charles Darwin
18.What is the name for the series of events where an enhancer, activator, co-
activator, and general transcription complex interact to regulate a gene?
Chain
19.Which enzyme connects new DNA segments together, acting as glue for
Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand?
DNA Ligase
20.What is the sugar found in RNA?
Ribose sugar (instead of deoxyribose)
21.What is the name for the DNA sequence that can be far away from a gene,
is bound by activators, and increases the activity of specific transcription
factors?
Enhancers
22.What is the name for the chromosomal abnormality where DNA is similar
between pairs of the 22 pairs of chromosomes that are not the sex
chromosomes?
Autosomes
23.What is the name for the structure that gives the nucleus a granular
appearance and is visible in nuclei of non-dividing cells?
Chromatin
, 24.What is the name for the permanent change in nucleotide sequence that
can affect a single gene or the structure/number of chromosomes?
Mutation
25.Which enzyme binds to the promoter site to initiate transcription but
cannot locate the promoter by itself?
RNA Polymerase II
26.What is the type of genetic disorder where the mitochondrial DNA is
circular, has no centromere, and is inherited from the mother?
Mitochondrial Genome
27.What is the pyrimidine found in RNA that replaces thymine?
Uracil (U) instead of thymine (T) - both pair with A
28.What is the name for the temporary DNA structure that has two sister
chromatids attached together at the center by a centromere and is visible
during M phase?
Chromosome
29.Who discovered that genes are composed of DNA?
Oswald Avery
30.What is the type of genetic disorder that involves a combination of
environment and genes?
Multi-factorial Disease
31.What is the name for the non-coding region that follows the transcription
initiation site and plays a role in gene regulation and expression?
Followed by NON-coding region
32.What is the specific change in DNA structure that can lead to the
development of specific inhibitors to induce cancer remission?
Inappropriately activated by somatic mutation
33.During which phase of the cell cycle does the cell take on nutrients,
generate energy, and increase membrane size and cytoplasm?
G1
34.What is the name for the abnormal chromosome number that is the most
common abnormality?
Aneuploidy
35.What is the name for the helical structure formed by nucleosomes, with
each turn containing 6 nucleosomes?
Solenoid
ALREADY GRADED A+.
1. During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes split and each half is
pulled to the opposite side of the cell?
Anaphase
2. What is the basic unit of DNA, composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose
sugar, and a phosphate?
Nucleotide
3. What is the name for the type of chromatin remodeling that can lead to
pathology such as cancer if done inappropriately?
Inappropriate remodeling = can lead to pathology (CA)
4. What is the name for the branch of genetics that involves the study of
chromosomes?
Cytogenetics
5. What is the process called when the primary mRNA transcript, which is an
exact complement to DNA, is modified before leaving the nucleus by
removing sections and splicing the remaining sections together?
Gene Splicing
6. What is the name for the chromosomal disorder that involves an extra copy
of chromosome 21?
Down Syndrome (AKA Trisomy 21)
7. What is the name for the type of mutation that occurs in a gamete and can
be inherited?
Gamete mutation = inherited
8. What is the name of the process where the cytoplasm divides to form two
new daughter cells?
Cytokinesis
9. What is the name for the alternative forms of a gene found at the same
locus on homologous chromosome?
Allele
10.What is the temporary visible thread-like structure that contains genes?
Chromosome
11.What is the name for the precise position of each gene along a
chromosome?
Locus
,12.What is the term for the observable physical, biochemical, and
physiological appearance of an individual, resulting from the interaction
between environment and genotype?
Phenotype
13.What is the classification of single gene disorders that includes autosomal
dominant, autosomal recessive, and X linked?
Classification of Single Gene Disorders
14.What is the bond that joins two amino acids together?
Peptide bonds joins 2 A.A's
15.What is the total number of chromosomes in each human cell?
46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
16.What is the name for the weak bonds that allow DNA to separate during
transcription?
Hydrogen bonds
17.Who developed the theory of evolution and natural selection, also known
as survival of the fittest?
Charles Darwin
18.What is the name for the series of events where an enhancer, activator, co-
activator, and general transcription complex interact to regulate a gene?
Chain
19.Which enzyme connects new DNA segments together, acting as glue for
Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand?
DNA Ligase
20.What is the sugar found in RNA?
Ribose sugar (instead of deoxyribose)
21.What is the name for the DNA sequence that can be far away from a gene,
is bound by activators, and increases the activity of specific transcription
factors?
Enhancers
22.What is the name for the chromosomal abnormality where DNA is similar
between pairs of the 22 pairs of chromosomes that are not the sex
chromosomes?
Autosomes
23.What is the name for the structure that gives the nucleus a granular
appearance and is visible in nuclei of non-dividing cells?
Chromatin
, 24.What is the name for the permanent change in nucleotide sequence that
can affect a single gene or the structure/number of chromosomes?
Mutation
25.Which enzyme binds to the promoter site to initiate transcription but
cannot locate the promoter by itself?
RNA Polymerase II
26.What is the type of genetic disorder where the mitochondrial DNA is
circular, has no centromere, and is inherited from the mother?
Mitochondrial Genome
27.What is the pyrimidine found in RNA that replaces thymine?
Uracil (U) instead of thymine (T) - both pair with A
28.What is the name for the temporary DNA structure that has two sister
chromatids attached together at the center by a centromere and is visible
during M phase?
Chromosome
29.Who discovered that genes are composed of DNA?
Oswald Avery
30.What is the type of genetic disorder that involves a combination of
environment and genes?
Multi-factorial Disease
31.What is the name for the non-coding region that follows the transcription
initiation site and plays a role in gene regulation and expression?
Followed by NON-coding region
32.What is the specific change in DNA structure that can lead to the
development of specific inhibitors to induce cancer remission?
Inappropriately activated by somatic mutation
33.During which phase of the cell cycle does the cell take on nutrients,
generate energy, and increase membrane size and cytoplasm?
G1
34.What is the name for the abnormal chromosome number that is the most
common abnormality?
Aneuploidy
35.What is the name for the helical structure formed by nucleosomes, with
each turn containing 6 nucleosomes?
Solenoid
