NURS 405: exam 2 study guide UPDATED ACTUAL Questions
and CORRECT Answers
- secular descriptive measures of disease in epidemiology time trends
- cyclical
- short-term
secular trends Changes in disease patterns that occur over a long period of time (years),
cyclical trends - Changes in disease patterns that are often predictable and that recur over time
(seasonal)
- expected in health care, because they relate to infectious disease
short-term changes a widespread occurrence of a disease in a community or population that is in
excess of what is expected (epidemics)
case report/case series - rare diseases/outcomes
- describes NEW diseases
- explains change in a disease pattern or alerts unusual s&s in an individual
(report) or a group of people (series)
- IDs when a disease mutates
- DESCRIPTIVE STUDY DESIGN
cross-sectional study - measures exposure & disease in a population at one specific point in time
(snapshot)
- examines several groups that represent different ages, groups, time periods, or
developmental status.
- DESCRIPTIVE STUDY DESIGN
case-control study - retrospective (ex pose) direction of inquiry; starts with the DV (outcome)
- people with and without the disease
- ideal for rare diseases
- quick and cheap
- lower quality data (bias)
- weaker evidence for causation (bias)
- ANALYTIC STUDY DESIGN
NO, because you start with the outcome (DV) can case-control studies test a hypothesis?
cohort study - prospective (longitudinal); starts with the IV (intervention)
- people with and without the exposure
- for rare exposures
- expensive & time-consuming
- higher quality data
- stronger evidence for causation
- ANALYTIC STUDY DESIGN
, odds ratio the case-control study uses the ____ measure of association.
relative risk (RR) the cohort study uses the ____ measure of association.
prevalence ratio (PR) the cross-sectional study uses the_____ measure of association.
sensitivity the ability of the test to correctly ID people with the disease by POSITIVE test
results
false Negative can occur seNsitivity
specificity the ability of the test to correctly ID people without the disease by NEGATIVE
results
false Positive can occur sPecificity
prevalence - describes the number of EXISTING cases of disease in a population
- the extent of a health problem in a population
planning prevalence is used for _____ HC needs of a community.
incidence - the number of NEW cases of a disease in a population during a specific time
period
- measures disease occurrence
risk & cause of a disease incidence is used to investigate the _____ in a population
electronic case reporting (eCR) step 1 pt is diagnosed w/ a reportable condition
electronic case reporting (eCR) step 2 HCP enters pts reportable condition into their EHR
electronic case reporting (eCR) step 3 data in EHR auto-triggers a case report that is validated and sent to a health
agency
electronic case reporting (eCR) step 4 the public health agency receives the report in real time and a response is sent
back to the provider
electronic case reporting (eCR) step 5 state/local health department reaches out to pt for contact tracing, services, or
other public health action
Nursing informatics (NI) conceptual framework (DIKW)
- data
- information
- knowledge
- wisdom
and CORRECT Answers
- secular descriptive measures of disease in epidemiology time trends
- cyclical
- short-term
secular trends Changes in disease patterns that occur over a long period of time (years),
cyclical trends - Changes in disease patterns that are often predictable and that recur over time
(seasonal)
- expected in health care, because they relate to infectious disease
short-term changes a widespread occurrence of a disease in a community or population that is in
excess of what is expected (epidemics)
case report/case series - rare diseases/outcomes
- describes NEW diseases
- explains change in a disease pattern or alerts unusual s&s in an individual
(report) or a group of people (series)
- IDs when a disease mutates
- DESCRIPTIVE STUDY DESIGN
cross-sectional study - measures exposure & disease in a population at one specific point in time
(snapshot)
- examines several groups that represent different ages, groups, time periods, or
developmental status.
- DESCRIPTIVE STUDY DESIGN
case-control study - retrospective (ex pose) direction of inquiry; starts with the DV (outcome)
- people with and without the disease
- ideal for rare diseases
- quick and cheap
- lower quality data (bias)
- weaker evidence for causation (bias)
- ANALYTIC STUDY DESIGN
NO, because you start with the outcome (DV) can case-control studies test a hypothesis?
cohort study - prospective (longitudinal); starts with the IV (intervention)
- people with and without the exposure
- for rare exposures
- expensive & time-consuming
- higher quality data
- stronger evidence for causation
- ANALYTIC STUDY DESIGN
, odds ratio the case-control study uses the ____ measure of association.
relative risk (RR) the cohort study uses the ____ measure of association.
prevalence ratio (PR) the cross-sectional study uses the_____ measure of association.
sensitivity the ability of the test to correctly ID people with the disease by POSITIVE test
results
false Negative can occur seNsitivity
specificity the ability of the test to correctly ID people without the disease by NEGATIVE
results
false Positive can occur sPecificity
prevalence - describes the number of EXISTING cases of disease in a population
- the extent of a health problem in a population
planning prevalence is used for _____ HC needs of a community.
incidence - the number of NEW cases of a disease in a population during a specific time
period
- measures disease occurrence
risk & cause of a disease incidence is used to investigate the _____ in a population
electronic case reporting (eCR) step 1 pt is diagnosed w/ a reportable condition
electronic case reporting (eCR) step 2 HCP enters pts reportable condition into their EHR
electronic case reporting (eCR) step 3 data in EHR auto-triggers a case report that is validated and sent to a health
agency
electronic case reporting (eCR) step 4 the public health agency receives the report in real time and a response is sent
back to the provider
electronic case reporting (eCR) step 5 state/local health department reaches out to pt for contact tracing, services, or
other public health action
Nursing informatics (NI) conceptual framework (DIKW)
- data
- information
- knowledge
- wisdom
