WSU KINES 380 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026
What is the primary form of energy in the body? - Answers ATP - breaking off a phosphate group
releases energy via ATPase
What do bioenergetic systems do? - Answers Create ATP.
What is the ATP-PCr system? - Answers Anaerobic, uses phosphocreatine, lasts ~10 seconds.
Rate-limiting enzyme in ATP-PCr? - Answers Creatine Kinase
Net ATP from ATP-PCr? - Answers 1 ATP (substrate-level).
What does the glycolytic system use? - Answers Glucose or glycogen.
Energy investment for glycolysis? - Answers -2 ATP (glucose), -1 ATP (glycogen).
Rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis? - Answers Phosphofructokinase (PFK).
Net ATP gain in glycolysis? - Answers 2 ATP (glucose) or 3 ATP (glycogen).
Byproducts of glycolysis? - Answers Pyruvate (→ Acetyl-CoA or Lactate), 2 NADH.
What does the Krebs cycle start with? - Answers Acetyl-CoA.
Rate-limiting enzyme of Krebs cycle? - Answers Isocitrate Dehydrogenase.
Krebs cycle products (per glucose)? - Answers 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP (via GTP).
What is beta-oxidation? - Answers Fat metabolism; converts fatty acids → Acetyl-CoA, NADH, FADH2.
Rate-limiting enzyme of ETC? - Answers Cytochrome Oxidase
What is the final electron acceptor in ETC? - Answers Oxygen.
ATP yield from NADH vs FADH2? - Answers NADH = 2.5 ATP; FADH2 = 1.5 ATP.
What % of daily energy is resting metabolic rate? - Answers 60-70%.
What happens at exercise onset? - Answers O2 deficit, reliance on anaerobic systems.
What is steady state? - Answers O2 supply meets demand (~1-4 minutes into exercise).
What improves steady state response? - Answers Aerobic training (reduces O2 deficit).
What is VO2 max? - Answers Maximal oxygen consumption capacity.
What is EPOC? - Answers Excess Post-Exercise O2 Consumption - elevated O2 use after exercise
Factors contributing to EPOC? - Answers PCr resynthesis, lactate → glucose, restore O2 stores, temp
↑, HR ↑, hormones ↑.
What is lactate threshold? - Answers Point where lactate accumulates faster than it can be cleared
(~50% VO2 max untrained, higher if trained).
OBLA value? - Answers 4 mmol/L blood lactate.
Crossover concept? - Answers Shift from fat → carb usage as intensity rises.
Fuel source at low vs high intensity? - Answers Low = fats; High = carbs.
Effect of prolonged exercise in heat/humidity? - Answers Upward drift in O2 uptake, glycogen
depletion, higher lactate
How does exercise affect infection risk (J-shaped curve)? - Answers Sedentary = high risk; Moderate =
lower risk; High intensity = higher risk
"Open window" of infection risk after exercise? - Answers ~2 hours after high intensity.
Effect of hot/cold environment on immunity? - Answers No impairment; only high altitude reduces
immune function.
POAH function? - Answers Body's temperature control center
Heat production sources? - Answers Voluntary (exercise), Involuntary (shivering, hormones -
thyroxine, catecholamines).
Heat loss methods? - Answers Radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation
Primary heat loss at rest vs exercise? - Answers Rest = radiation; Exercise = evaporation (sweating).
Key adaptation to heat acclimation? - Answers Lower HR & core temp.
Steps of sliding filament theory - Answers Excitation → Contraction → Relaxation.
What ion triggers contraction? - Answers Calcium (Ca²)
Type I (slow-twitch) fiber traits? - Answers High mitochondria, high fatigue resistance, aerobic, low
ATPase, efficient.
Type IIa (fast oxidative glycolytic) traits? - Answers Moderate mitochondria, moderate fatigue
resistance, high ATPase, high tension.
Type IIx (fast glycolytic) traits? - Answers Low mitochondria, low fatigue resistance, anaerobic, fastest,
most powerful, low efficiency
What causes cramping - Answers Electrolyte imbalance + altered neural control.
Training effect on fibers? - Answers Anaerobic = Type IIx → IIa; Aerobic = IIx → I.
What happens when you stop training? - Answers IIa reverts back to IIx
What is the primary form of energy in the body? - Answers ATP - breaking off a phosphate group
releases energy via ATPase
What do bioenergetic systems do? - Answers Create ATP.
What is the ATP-PCr system? - Answers Anaerobic, uses phosphocreatine, lasts ~10 seconds.
Rate-limiting enzyme in ATP-PCr? - Answers Creatine Kinase
Net ATP from ATP-PCr? - Answers 1 ATP (substrate-level).
What does the glycolytic system use? - Answers Glucose or glycogen.
Energy investment for glycolysis? - Answers -2 ATP (glucose), -1 ATP (glycogen).
Rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis? - Answers Phosphofructokinase (PFK).
Net ATP gain in glycolysis? - Answers 2 ATP (glucose) or 3 ATP (glycogen).
Byproducts of glycolysis? - Answers Pyruvate (→ Acetyl-CoA or Lactate), 2 NADH.
What does the Krebs cycle start with? - Answers Acetyl-CoA.
Rate-limiting enzyme of Krebs cycle? - Answers Isocitrate Dehydrogenase.
Krebs cycle products (per glucose)? - Answers 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP (via GTP).
What is beta-oxidation? - Answers Fat metabolism; converts fatty acids → Acetyl-CoA, NADH, FADH2.
Rate-limiting enzyme of ETC? - Answers Cytochrome Oxidase
What is the final electron acceptor in ETC? - Answers Oxygen.
ATP yield from NADH vs FADH2? - Answers NADH = 2.5 ATP; FADH2 = 1.5 ATP.
What % of daily energy is resting metabolic rate? - Answers 60-70%.
What happens at exercise onset? - Answers O2 deficit, reliance on anaerobic systems.
What is steady state? - Answers O2 supply meets demand (~1-4 minutes into exercise).
What improves steady state response? - Answers Aerobic training (reduces O2 deficit).
What is VO2 max? - Answers Maximal oxygen consumption capacity.
What is EPOC? - Answers Excess Post-Exercise O2 Consumption - elevated O2 use after exercise
Factors contributing to EPOC? - Answers PCr resynthesis, lactate → glucose, restore O2 stores, temp
↑, HR ↑, hormones ↑.
What is lactate threshold? - Answers Point where lactate accumulates faster than it can be cleared
(~50% VO2 max untrained, higher if trained).
OBLA value? - Answers 4 mmol/L blood lactate.
Crossover concept? - Answers Shift from fat → carb usage as intensity rises.
Fuel source at low vs high intensity? - Answers Low = fats; High = carbs.
Effect of prolonged exercise in heat/humidity? - Answers Upward drift in O2 uptake, glycogen
depletion, higher lactate
How does exercise affect infection risk (J-shaped curve)? - Answers Sedentary = high risk; Moderate =
lower risk; High intensity = higher risk
"Open window" of infection risk after exercise? - Answers ~2 hours after high intensity.
Effect of hot/cold environment on immunity? - Answers No impairment; only high altitude reduces
immune function.
POAH function? - Answers Body's temperature control center
Heat production sources? - Answers Voluntary (exercise), Involuntary (shivering, hormones -
thyroxine, catecholamines).
Heat loss methods? - Answers Radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation
Primary heat loss at rest vs exercise? - Answers Rest = radiation; Exercise = evaporation (sweating).
Key adaptation to heat acclimation? - Answers Lower HR & core temp.
Steps of sliding filament theory - Answers Excitation → Contraction → Relaxation.
What ion triggers contraction? - Answers Calcium (Ca²)
Type I (slow-twitch) fiber traits? - Answers High mitochondria, high fatigue resistance, aerobic, low
ATPase, efficient.
Type IIa (fast oxidative glycolytic) traits? - Answers Moderate mitochondria, moderate fatigue
resistance, high ATPase, high tension.
Type IIx (fast glycolytic) traits? - Answers Low mitochondria, low fatigue resistance, anaerobic, fastest,
most powerful, low efficiency
What causes cramping - Answers Electrolyte imbalance + altered neural control.
Training effect on fibers? - Answers Anaerobic = Type IIx → IIa; Aerobic = IIx → I.
What happens when you stop training? - Answers IIa reverts back to IIx
