Final Exam- Biology 181
1. Biological sci- The study of life
ence
2. Organism a living entity made up entirely of one or more cells
3. Organisms share cells, replication, information, energy, evolution
5 fundamental
characteristics
4. Cells membrane bound units, regulates the passage of materials between exterior and
interior spaces
5. Replication organisms should always be able to duplicates its DNA
6. information Organisms process hereditary, or genetic, information encoded in units called
genes
7. Energy Used to survive and reproduce. Ex: plants absorbing sunlight, animals consuming
food
8. Evolution Organisms are the product of evolution, a population changing over time.
9. 3 of the greatest Cell theory, chromosome theory of inheritance, and theory of evolution
theories in mod-
ern biology
10. Theory Explanation for a very broad class of observed phenomena that is supported by
evidence
11. Robert Hooke invented the microscope, identifying cells
12. Ruldoph Virchow proposed that all cells arise from cells already in existence
(1858)
13. Hypothesis a testable statement to explain a set of observations
, Final Exam- Biology 181
14. Theory and hy- Theories refer to a proposed explanation for broad patterns in nature; while
pothesis hypotheses refer to explanations for more tightly focused questions
15. Experiment powerful scientific tool, which allow researchers to test the effect of a single,
well-defined factor on a particular phenomenon
16. Experimental a measurable or observable result that must be correct if a hypothesis is valid
prediction
17. Chromosome a molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, a hereditary material
18. Double helix strand of DNA, which encodes information required for an organism's growth and
reproduction
19. Central Dogma describes the flow of information in cells
20. RNA (ribonucleic a nucleic acid that translates the code stored in DNA, which makes possible the
acid) synthesis of proteins
21. Proteins Crucial to most tasks required for cells to exist, including forming structural
components to promoting chemical reactions that sustain life
22. ATP (adenosine used as a monomer for RNA synthesis, used to store and transfer chemical energy
triphosphate)
23. Species Term created by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace; all distinct, identifiable
types of organisms are connected by common ancestry
24. Darwin and Wal- Species are related by common ancestry and the characteristics of species can be
lace's theory modified from generation to generation (descent with modification)
25. Evolution (defini- a change in the characteristics of a population over time, especially a change in
tion) allele frequencies
, Final Exam- Biology 181
26. Population a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time
27. Natural selection 1) individuals within a population vary in characteristics that are heritable 2) cer-
tain versions of these heritable traits help individuals survive better and reproduce
more
28. Key insight on Natural selection acts on individuals, but evolutionary change occurs in popula-
Natural selection tions.
29. Speciation evolution of two or more distinct species from one ancestral species
30. Fitness an individual's ability to produce viable offspring relative to that ability in other
individuals in the population; Ex: individuals with high fitness produce many
surviving offspring
31. Adaptation a heritable trait that increases the fitness of an individual in a particular environ-
ment relative to individuals lacking that trait
32. Galapagos Is- Darwin noted remarkable variation in break size, he then proposed that birds
lands on different islands in the chain were similar because they descended from a
common ancestor
33. Tree of life a family tree of organisms
34. Tree of life 3 fun- Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
damental groups
35. Carlos Linnaeus Established a system for naming species that is still in use today
36. Genus first part of the two-part name; made up of closely related group of species. Ex:
put humans in the genus Homo
37. Species name second term in the name identifies the organism's species
38. organism's genus and species designation
, Final Exam- Biology 181
Scientific name
(Latin name)
39. Religion Religious faith addresses questions that cannot be answered by data, therefore
religious questions cannot be approach through science
40. Science formulating hypotheses and finding evidence that supports or conflicts with those
hypotheses
41. Process of Scien- Observation, ask a question, hypotheses are formed, Test hypothesis, Draw con-
tific method clusions, report reports
42. Science (defini- use of the scientific method
tion
43. 2 key features of 1) dependent on observations and measurements that others can verify 2) re-
science quirement that ideas (hypotheses) are testable by experiments
44. Peer reviewed vs. In science, writing must pass through peer review before it is published. Peer
Popular press review separates scientific literature from popular press (internet, newspapers,
magazines)
45. Two types of in- Observations: when we notice or perceive something.
formation Interpretations: Explanations of understanding or meaning based on intuition,
experience, calculations, and expectations
46. Common misun- Belief: when we are willing to accept something in the absence of evidence
derstandings Opinion: irrelevant in science
47. Vaccine Case Paper reported results from 12 young patients. In 8 of 12; symptoms of "re-
Study (Wakefield gressive autism". This paper was poorly peer reviewed, resulting in many claims
et al. 1998) without evidence -> public became worried.
In this paper: tiny sample size (12 people, No control, other scientists tried to
1. Biological sci- The study of life
ence
2. Organism a living entity made up entirely of one or more cells
3. Organisms share cells, replication, information, energy, evolution
5 fundamental
characteristics
4. Cells membrane bound units, regulates the passage of materials between exterior and
interior spaces
5. Replication organisms should always be able to duplicates its DNA
6. information Organisms process hereditary, or genetic, information encoded in units called
genes
7. Energy Used to survive and reproduce. Ex: plants absorbing sunlight, animals consuming
food
8. Evolution Organisms are the product of evolution, a population changing over time.
9. 3 of the greatest Cell theory, chromosome theory of inheritance, and theory of evolution
theories in mod-
ern biology
10. Theory Explanation for a very broad class of observed phenomena that is supported by
evidence
11. Robert Hooke invented the microscope, identifying cells
12. Ruldoph Virchow proposed that all cells arise from cells already in existence
(1858)
13. Hypothesis a testable statement to explain a set of observations
, Final Exam- Biology 181
14. Theory and hy- Theories refer to a proposed explanation for broad patterns in nature; while
pothesis hypotheses refer to explanations for more tightly focused questions
15. Experiment powerful scientific tool, which allow researchers to test the effect of a single,
well-defined factor on a particular phenomenon
16. Experimental a measurable or observable result that must be correct if a hypothesis is valid
prediction
17. Chromosome a molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, a hereditary material
18. Double helix strand of DNA, which encodes information required for an organism's growth and
reproduction
19. Central Dogma describes the flow of information in cells
20. RNA (ribonucleic a nucleic acid that translates the code stored in DNA, which makes possible the
acid) synthesis of proteins
21. Proteins Crucial to most tasks required for cells to exist, including forming structural
components to promoting chemical reactions that sustain life
22. ATP (adenosine used as a monomer for RNA synthesis, used to store and transfer chemical energy
triphosphate)
23. Species Term created by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace; all distinct, identifiable
types of organisms are connected by common ancestry
24. Darwin and Wal- Species are related by common ancestry and the characteristics of species can be
lace's theory modified from generation to generation (descent with modification)
25. Evolution (defini- a change in the characteristics of a population over time, especially a change in
tion) allele frequencies
, Final Exam- Biology 181
26. Population a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time
27. Natural selection 1) individuals within a population vary in characteristics that are heritable 2) cer-
tain versions of these heritable traits help individuals survive better and reproduce
more
28. Key insight on Natural selection acts on individuals, but evolutionary change occurs in popula-
Natural selection tions.
29. Speciation evolution of two or more distinct species from one ancestral species
30. Fitness an individual's ability to produce viable offspring relative to that ability in other
individuals in the population; Ex: individuals with high fitness produce many
surviving offspring
31. Adaptation a heritable trait that increases the fitness of an individual in a particular environ-
ment relative to individuals lacking that trait
32. Galapagos Is- Darwin noted remarkable variation in break size, he then proposed that birds
lands on different islands in the chain were similar because they descended from a
common ancestor
33. Tree of life a family tree of organisms
34. Tree of life 3 fun- Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
damental groups
35. Carlos Linnaeus Established a system for naming species that is still in use today
36. Genus first part of the two-part name; made up of closely related group of species. Ex:
put humans in the genus Homo
37. Species name second term in the name identifies the organism's species
38. organism's genus and species designation
, Final Exam- Biology 181
Scientific name
(Latin name)
39. Religion Religious faith addresses questions that cannot be answered by data, therefore
religious questions cannot be approach through science
40. Science formulating hypotheses and finding evidence that supports or conflicts with those
hypotheses
41. Process of Scien- Observation, ask a question, hypotheses are formed, Test hypothesis, Draw con-
tific method clusions, report reports
42. Science (defini- use of the scientific method
tion
43. 2 key features of 1) dependent on observations and measurements that others can verify 2) re-
science quirement that ideas (hypotheses) are testable by experiments
44. Peer reviewed vs. In science, writing must pass through peer review before it is published. Peer
Popular press review separates scientific literature from popular press (internet, newspapers,
magazines)
45. Two types of in- Observations: when we notice or perceive something.
formation Interpretations: Explanations of understanding or meaning based on intuition,
experience, calculations, and expectations
46. Common misun- Belief: when we are willing to accept something in the absence of evidence
derstandings Opinion: irrelevant in science
47. Vaccine Case Paper reported results from 12 young patients. In 8 of 12; symptoms of "re-
Study (Wakefield gressive autism". This paper was poorly peer reviewed, resulting in many claims
et al. 1998) without evidence -> public became worried.
In this paper: tiny sample size (12 people, No control, other scientists tried to
