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Because flying cars will relieve traffic congestion, and since research and development will be expensive, it follows that the government should encourage industry to develop flying cars and banks should help fund research. Which phrases contain conclusions of this argument? (Choose 2) A. Flying cars will relieve traffic congestion B. Research and development will be expensive C. The government should encourage industry to develop flying cars D. Banks should help fund industry research Correct Answer: C and D Rationale: The first two statements function as premises. The argument’s conclusions are the policy recommendations that follow from those premises. Dogs are bred for many different purposes… Therefore, because it is important to select the right breed for your needs, you should carefully research dog breeds. Which statement is the conclusion? A. German shepherds can be used for protection. B. Dogs are bred for many purposes. C. You should carefully research dog breeds to make the right choice. D. It is important to select the right breed. Correct Answer: C. You should carefully research dog breeds to make the right choice. Rationale: The conclusion is the recommendation about what the reader should do. Everyone should vote _____________. Which phrase would form an argument? A. because it is their duty B. for the most honest candidate C. in their assigned district D. before the deadline Correct Answer: A. because it is their duty Rationale: Adding “because it is their duty” provides a reason, forming an argument rather than a simple statement. People have fought for freedom since the beginning of time. Which descriptor best characterizes this sentence? A. Proposition B. Inference C. Weak argument D. Strong argument Correct Answer: A. Proposition Rationale: The sentence simply states a claim; it does not provide reasoning. Jordan claims he is the best student because he is tallest, athletic, and has the best car. Which two descriptors apply? (Choose 2) A. Weak argument B. Proposition C. Inference D. Strong argument Correct Answer: A and C Rationale: Jordan draws a conclusion (inference), but the reasons given are irrelevant, making it weak. All dogs are cute. Ginger is a dog. Therefore, Ginger is cute. Which type of reasoning is illustrated? A. Deductive B. Invalid C. Inductive D. Abductive Correct Answer: A. Deductive Rationale: The conclusion necessarily follows from the premises. Usually when audiences leave laughing, the film was funny… Which type of reasoning is illustrated? A. Valid B. Sound C. Inductive D. Deductive Correct Answer: C. Inductive Rationale: The conclusion is probable, not guaranteed. All dogs can fly. Ginger is a dog. Therefore, Ginger can fly. Which types apply? (Choose 2) A. Deductive B. Valid C. True D. Sound Correct Answer: A and B Rationale: The structure is deductively valid, but the premise is false, so it is not sound. An individual drops hundreds of objects and concludes a dropped pencil will fall. Which terms describe the argument? (Choose 2) A. Deductive B. Valid C. Strong D. Cogent Correct Answer: C and D Rationale: The repeated observations make the inductive argument strong and cogent (strong with true premises). If I am bald, then I am old. I am old. Therefore, I am bald. Which logic error? A. Begging the question B. Fallacy fallacy C. Denying the antecedent D. Affirming the consequent Correct Answer: D. Affirming the consequent Rationale: The structure assumes that because the result is true, the cause must be true. If I am a soldier, then I am brave. I am not a soldier. Therefore, I am not brave. Which logic error? A. Affirming the consequent B. Denying the antecedent C. Begging the question D. Fallacy fallacy Correct Answer: B. Denying the antecedent Rationale: It wrongly assumes that denying the first condition denies the outcome. One should never cheat on a test, since cheating is wrong. Which logic error? A. Affirming the consequent B. Denying the antecedent C. Begging the question D. Fallacy fallacy Correct Answer: C. Begging the question Rationale: The premise simply restates the conclusion. Rejecting the claim that the earth is round because the argument involves a fictional character. Which error? A. Denying the antecedent B. Affirming the consequent C. Begging the question D. The fallacy fallacy Correct Answer: D. The fallacy fallacy Rationale: It dismisses the conclusion solely because the reasoning is flawed. What is a fallacy? A. A violation of state law B. A false claim C. A deliberate deception D. A common mistake in reasoning Correct Answer: D. A common mistake in reasoning Rationale: Fallacies are reasoning errors, not necessarily lies or illegal acts. Formal Fallacy refers to: A. Emotional language B. Structure of reasoning C. False content D. Personal attack Correct Answer: B. Structure of reasoning Rationale: Formal fallacies involve invalid logical form. Informal Fallacy refers to: A. Structure B. Content problems C. Grammar D. Statistics Correct Answer: B. Content problems Rationale: Informal fallacies concern issues with meaning, relevance, or evidence. A formal fallacy concerns _______; an informal fallacy concerns _______. A. Evidence; emotion B. Structure; content C. Opinion; fact D. Bias; neutrality Correct Answer: B. Structure; content Rationale: Formal = structure, informal = informational content.