Clin Chem Exam 2: Urinary/Urinalysis - EXAM
STUDY GUIDE 2026/2027 COMPLETE
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED CORRECT
ANSWERS || 100% GUARANTEED PASS |
NEWEST VERSION
BUN
CREA
U/A
What are the 3 main components of the primary renal profile?
USG
Physical exam
Chemical exam
Sediment exam
What are the 4 components of the urinalysis?
66%
- called TUBULAR degeneration
___ nephron loss before losing capacity to concentrate urine
75%
- called GLOMERULAR degeneration
___ nephron lost before an increase in nitrogenous waste (azotemia)
false
- renal disease can be acute and reversible
- renal failure is chronic and unreversible (when nephrons actually lost)
T/F: Renal disease = renal failure
water
glucose
amino acids
,sodium
chloride
bicarb
calcium
magnesium
What plasma analytes are conserved (saved) by the kidney?
BUN/CREA
phosphate
lactate
bilirubin
myoglobin
BHB
H+
What plasma analytes are excreted by the kidneys?
stimulates aldosterone induced proteins (AIP) > stimulates Na/K ATPase pump on the
basolateral membrane > opens K+ channel > K+ excreted, Na reabsorbed > water follows Na
What action does aldosterone have on renal cells?
GFR
> estimates # functional nephrons
What is the best test to assess kidney function and determine the stage and progression of
renal disease?
dec gfr
What is the interpretation of azotemia?
1. GI bleed
2. high protein diet
If BUN is elevated alone, what are your 2 mechanisms?
1. dec liver function
2. low protein diet (prescription)
3. prolonged anorexia
If BUN is decreased alone, what are your 3 mechanisms?
heavy muscled animal
,If CREA is elevated alone, what is the mechanism (1)?
muscle wasting
If CREA is decreased alone, what is the mechanism (1)?
1. Physical macroscopic
2. chemical (dipstick)
3. sediment microscopic
What are the 3 components of a urinalysis?
look @ color, transparency, odor, SG
What do we do during physical macroscopic exam?
yellow to amber
red > hematuria
red/brown > hemoglobinuria/myoglobinuria
dark orange > bilirubinuria
normal urine color?
equine: mucus + crystals
rabbit: crystals
What two animals have exceptions to normal urine being not clear?
ketonuria
Acetone urine smell suggests
urease-producing bacteria
Excessive urine ammonia smell associated with
anaerobic UTI
Putrid urine smell associated with
hydration
You must interpret USG in light of ___
dog = >1.030
cat = > 1.035
, What is normal USG for dog/cat?
glucose
ketones
bilirubin
urobilinogen
pH
blood (occult)
protein
What chemicals do we evaluate on urine dipstick?
dipstick
How do we do the chemical exam of urine?
- defective reabsorption due to damaged or abnormal PCT
- or patient has already conserved all glucose and getting rid of rest
What is renal glucosuria?
- overflow of glucose
- DM
- transient
What is hyperglycemic glucosuria?
dog = 180-220mg/dL
cat = 290
horse/calf = 150
What is the glucose renal threshold for dogs, cats, horses/calves
result of increased lipid mobilization
> present in urine with negative energy balance (DM, starvation, hypoglycemia)
What are ketones?
ketonuria
Glucosuria + ___ = DM
BHB (not detected)
Acetone
Acetoacetate (mostly detected)
STUDY GUIDE 2026/2027 COMPLETE
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED CORRECT
ANSWERS || 100% GUARANTEED PASS |
NEWEST VERSION
BUN
CREA
U/A
What are the 3 main components of the primary renal profile?
USG
Physical exam
Chemical exam
Sediment exam
What are the 4 components of the urinalysis?
66%
- called TUBULAR degeneration
___ nephron loss before losing capacity to concentrate urine
75%
- called GLOMERULAR degeneration
___ nephron lost before an increase in nitrogenous waste (azotemia)
false
- renal disease can be acute and reversible
- renal failure is chronic and unreversible (when nephrons actually lost)
T/F: Renal disease = renal failure
water
glucose
amino acids
,sodium
chloride
bicarb
calcium
magnesium
What plasma analytes are conserved (saved) by the kidney?
BUN/CREA
phosphate
lactate
bilirubin
myoglobin
BHB
H+
What plasma analytes are excreted by the kidneys?
stimulates aldosterone induced proteins (AIP) > stimulates Na/K ATPase pump on the
basolateral membrane > opens K+ channel > K+ excreted, Na reabsorbed > water follows Na
What action does aldosterone have on renal cells?
GFR
> estimates # functional nephrons
What is the best test to assess kidney function and determine the stage and progression of
renal disease?
dec gfr
What is the interpretation of azotemia?
1. GI bleed
2. high protein diet
If BUN is elevated alone, what are your 2 mechanisms?
1. dec liver function
2. low protein diet (prescription)
3. prolonged anorexia
If BUN is decreased alone, what are your 3 mechanisms?
heavy muscled animal
,If CREA is elevated alone, what is the mechanism (1)?
muscle wasting
If CREA is decreased alone, what is the mechanism (1)?
1. Physical macroscopic
2. chemical (dipstick)
3. sediment microscopic
What are the 3 components of a urinalysis?
look @ color, transparency, odor, SG
What do we do during physical macroscopic exam?
yellow to amber
red > hematuria
red/brown > hemoglobinuria/myoglobinuria
dark orange > bilirubinuria
normal urine color?
equine: mucus + crystals
rabbit: crystals
What two animals have exceptions to normal urine being not clear?
ketonuria
Acetone urine smell suggests
urease-producing bacteria
Excessive urine ammonia smell associated with
anaerobic UTI
Putrid urine smell associated with
hydration
You must interpret USG in light of ___
dog = >1.030
cat = > 1.035
, What is normal USG for dog/cat?
glucose
ketones
bilirubin
urobilinogen
pH
blood (occult)
protein
What chemicals do we evaluate on urine dipstick?
dipstick
How do we do the chemical exam of urine?
- defective reabsorption due to damaged or abnormal PCT
- or patient has already conserved all glucose and getting rid of rest
What is renal glucosuria?
- overflow of glucose
- DM
- transient
What is hyperglycemic glucosuria?
dog = 180-220mg/dL
cat = 290
horse/calf = 150
What is the glucose renal threshold for dogs, cats, horses/calves
result of increased lipid mobilization
> present in urine with negative energy balance (DM, starvation, hypoglycemia)
What are ketones?
ketonuria
Glucosuria + ___ = DM
BHB (not detected)
Acetone
Acetoacetate (mostly detected)
