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Machine Learning and Pattern Recognition - Full Course

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Are you planning to nail your Machine Learning exam? You are in the right place! These notes comprehensively cover all the topics from the Machine Learning and Pattern Recognition course taught by Professor Sandro Cumani. This specific exam is widely considered to be one of the toughest in the entire Master's program, so you need to be ready to tackle very complex subjects. These notes will help you grasp the thorniest concepts through simple and intuitive explanations, without skipping the crucial mathematical proofs required for the test. This balance is essential for fully mastering the material and passing the exam with ease. Topics Addressed: - Dimensionality Reduction: PCA, LDA - Generative Gaussian Models: Multivariate Gaussian Classifier, Naive Bayes Classifier, Tied Gaussian Classifier - Generative Multinomial Models - Bayes Decision and Model Evaluation - Logistic Regression - Support Vector Machines - Gaussian Mixture Models - Score Calibration and Fusion

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Machine Learning and
Pattern Recognition


Course taught by Prof.

Sandro Cumani


Based on the notes of

Davide Carletto




Politecnico di Torino
MSc in Computer Engineering -
Artificial Intelligence and Data Analytics




Course ID: 01URTOV
A.Y. 2024-25

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,Contents 3




Contents

1 Dimensionality Reduction 5
1.1 PCA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2 LDA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3 PCA as a Preprocessing Step . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

2 Generative Gaussian Models 13
2.1 Multivariate Gaussian Classifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1.1 Model assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1.2 Estimation of the model parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.1.3 Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.2 Naive Bayes Classifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.2.1 Model assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.2.2 Estimation of the model parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.2.3 Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.3 Tied Gaussian Classifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.3.1 Model assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.3.2 Estimation of the model marameters . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.3.3 Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

3 Generative Multinomial Models 25
3.1 Model assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.2 Estimation of the model parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.3 Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

4 Bayes Decision And Model Evaluation 29
4.1 Apply DCF for classification tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

5 Logistic Regression 35
5.1 Model assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5.2 Estimation of the model parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5.3 Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
5.4 Limitations of LR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

3

, 4 Contents


6 Support Vector Machine 47
6.1 Model assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
6.2 Estimation of model parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

7 GMM – Gaussian Mixture Model 57
7.1 Model assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
7.2 Estimation of model parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
7.3 Cluster Initialization for GMM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
7.4 GMMs for Open-Set Recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

8 Score Calibration and Fusion 67
8.1 Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
8.2 Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70




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Uploaded on
February 24, 2026
Number of pages
71
Written in
2024/2025
Type
Class notes
Professor(s)
Sandro cumani
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All classes

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