Page 1 of 84
NSG 5140 Advanced Pathophysiology – Exam ACTUAL
EXAM COMPLETE 200 QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE THIS YEAR
NSG 5140 Advanced Pathophysiology – Exam Overview
Exam Coverage Areas:
1. Hematology & Immunology – Anemias, leukemias, clotting disorders, immune
dysfunction.
2. Endocrine Disorders – Diabetes types, thyroid disorders, adrenal and pituitary
pathologies.
3. Cardiovascular Pathophysiology – Ischemic heart disease, heart failure, arrhythmias,
shock.
4. Respiratory Disorders – COPD, asthma, ARDS, pulmonary hypertension.
5. Renal & Electrolyte Disorders – Acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, electrolyte
imbalances.
6. Neurologic Disorders – Stroke, seizures, neurodegenerative diseases.
7. Gastrointestinal & Hepatic Disorders – Liver failure, hepatitis, pancreatitis, GI bleeding.
8. Infectious Diseases & Inflammation – Sepsis, systemic inflammation, autoimmune
disorders.
9. Oncologic Disorders – Solid tumors, hematologic malignancies, paraneoplastic
syndromes.
10. Genetics & Cellular Pathophysiology – Molecular mechanisms, apoptosis, cellular
injury, carcinogenesis.
Batch 1 – Questions 1–50
1. A 55-year-old woman with polyuria, polydipsia. Labs: fasting glucose 180 mg/dL, HbA1c
8.2%. Diagnosis:
A) Type 1 diabetes mellitus
B) Type 2 diabetes mellitus
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C) Diabetes insipidus
D) Secondary diabetes
Answer: B
Rationale: Adult-onset diabetes with hyperglycemia and classic symptoms suggests type 2
diabetes; Type 1 is usually younger age, diabetes insipidus involves dilute urine, secondary
diabetes arises from medications or endocrine disorders.
2. A 65-year-old man presents with fatigue and dyspnea. Labs: Hgb 8.5 g/dL, MCV 72 fL, low
ferritin. Most likely cause:
A) Vitamin B12 deficiency
B) Iron-deficiency anemia
C) Anemia of chronic disease
D) Hemolytic anemia
Answer: B
Rationale: Microcytic anemia (low MCV) with low ferritin indicates iron deficiency; B12
deficiency is macrocytic, hemolytic anemia shows high reticulocyte count, and chronic disease
anemia usually has normal or high ferritin.
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3. A 48-year-old man with crushing chest pain radiating to left arm. ECG: ST elevations in II, III,
aVF. Most likely diagnosis:
A) Anterior MI
B) Lateral MI
C) Inferior MI
D) Pericarditis
Answer: C
Rationale: ST elevation in II, III, aVF indicates inferior myocardial infarction, usually RCA
territory.
4. A patient with MCV 105 fL, low B12, hypersegmented neutrophils. Most likely anemia:
A) Iron-deficiency anemia
B) Megaloblastic anemia
C) Sideroblastic anemia
D) Anemia of chronic disease
Answer: B
Rationale: Macrocytic anemia with hypersegmented neutrophils is characteristic of B12 (or
folate) deficiency.
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5. A patient with sudden dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, hemoptysis, and history of DVT. Most
likely diagnosis:
A) Pneumonia
B) Pulmonary embolism
C) Myocardial infarction
D) Asthma exacerbation
Answer: B
Rationale: Classic triad of PE includes dyspnea, chest pain, hemoptysis; history of DVT supports
diagnosis.
6. A patient with chronic kidney disease has hyperkalemia. ECG shows peaked T waves.
Which pathophysiologic mechanism explains this?
A) Decreased aldosterone → K retention
B) Increased renin → K loss
C) Increased ADH → K loss
D) Decreased calcium → K retention
Answer: A
Rationale: CKD reduces potassium excretion; decreased aldosterone contributes to
hyperkalemia and characteristic ECG changes.
NSG 5140 Advanced Pathophysiology – Exam ACTUAL
EXAM COMPLETE 200 QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE THIS YEAR
NSG 5140 Advanced Pathophysiology – Exam Overview
Exam Coverage Areas:
1. Hematology & Immunology – Anemias, leukemias, clotting disorders, immune
dysfunction.
2. Endocrine Disorders – Diabetes types, thyroid disorders, adrenal and pituitary
pathologies.
3. Cardiovascular Pathophysiology – Ischemic heart disease, heart failure, arrhythmias,
shock.
4. Respiratory Disorders – COPD, asthma, ARDS, pulmonary hypertension.
5. Renal & Electrolyte Disorders – Acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, electrolyte
imbalances.
6. Neurologic Disorders – Stroke, seizures, neurodegenerative diseases.
7. Gastrointestinal & Hepatic Disorders – Liver failure, hepatitis, pancreatitis, GI bleeding.
8. Infectious Diseases & Inflammation – Sepsis, systemic inflammation, autoimmune
disorders.
9. Oncologic Disorders – Solid tumors, hematologic malignancies, paraneoplastic
syndromes.
10. Genetics & Cellular Pathophysiology – Molecular mechanisms, apoptosis, cellular
injury, carcinogenesis.
Batch 1 – Questions 1–50
1. A 55-year-old woman with polyuria, polydipsia. Labs: fasting glucose 180 mg/dL, HbA1c
8.2%. Diagnosis:
A) Type 1 diabetes mellitus
B) Type 2 diabetes mellitus
,Page 2 of 84
C) Diabetes insipidus
D) Secondary diabetes
Answer: B
Rationale: Adult-onset diabetes with hyperglycemia and classic symptoms suggests type 2
diabetes; Type 1 is usually younger age, diabetes insipidus involves dilute urine, secondary
diabetes arises from medications or endocrine disorders.
2. A 65-year-old man presents with fatigue and dyspnea. Labs: Hgb 8.5 g/dL, MCV 72 fL, low
ferritin. Most likely cause:
A) Vitamin B12 deficiency
B) Iron-deficiency anemia
C) Anemia of chronic disease
D) Hemolytic anemia
Answer: B
Rationale: Microcytic anemia (low MCV) with low ferritin indicates iron deficiency; B12
deficiency is macrocytic, hemolytic anemia shows high reticulocyte count, and chronic disease
anemia usually has normal or high ferritin.
,Page 3 of 84
3. A 48-year-old man with crushing chest pain radiating to left arm. ECG: ST elevations in II, III,
aVF. Most likely diagnosis:
A) Anterior MI
B) Lateral MI
C) Inferior MI
D) Pericarditis
Answer: C
Rationale: ST elevation in II, III, aVF indicates inferior myocardial infarction, usually RCA
territory.
4. A patient with MCV 105 fL, low B12, hypersegmented neutrophils. Most likely anemia:
A) Iron-deficiency anemia
B) Megaloblastic anemia
C) Sideroblastic anemia
D) Anemia of chronic disease
Answer: B
Rationale: Macrocytic anemia with hypersegmented neutrophils is characteristic of B12 (or
folate) deficiency.
, Page 4 of 84
5. A patient with sudden dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, hemoptysis, and history of DVT. Most
likely diagnosis:
A) Pneumonia
B) Pulmonary embolism
C) Myocardial infarction
D) Asthma exacerbation
Answer: B
Rationale: Classic triad of PE includes dyspnea, chest pain, hemoptysis; history of DVT supports
diagnosis.
6. A patient with chronic kidney disease has hyperkalemia. ECG shows peaked T waves.
Which pathophysiologic mechanism explains this?
A) Decreased aldosterone → K retention
B) Increased renin → K loss
C) Increased ADH → K loss
D) Decreased calcium → K retention
Answer: A
Rationale: CKD reduces potassium excretion; decreased aldosterone contributes to
hyperkalemia and characteristic ECG changes.
