CSEP-CEP THEORY STUDY SHEET
COMPLETE 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
>> Sagittal plane
Answer: Divides the body into left and right sides
>> Frontal plane
Answer: Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
>> Transverse plane
Answer: Divides the body into superior and inferior portions
>> Sagittal plane movements
Answer: Flexion and extension
>> Frontal plane movements
Answer: Abduction and adduction
>> Transverse plane movements
Answer: Rotation, supination and pronation, horizontal flexion and
extension
>> Number of bones in the human body
Answer: 206
>> Axial skeleton
Answer: 80 bones forming the body's midline
,>> Appendicular skeleton
Answer: 126 bones forming the limbs and girdles
>> Joint
Answer: A point of contact between two or more bones
>> Bone types
Answer: Long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid bones
>> Number of named muscles
Answer: Approximately 700
>> Percentage of body weight from skeletal muscle
Answer: Up to 50 percent
>> Sarcolemma
Answer: Muscle fiber cell membrane that conducts electrical signals
>> T-tubules
Answer: Carry action potentials deep into the muscle fiber
>> Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Answer: Stores and releases calcium required for muscle contraction
>> Mitochondria
Answer: Produce ATP for muscle contraction
>> Sarcomere
Answer: Functional unit of muscle contraction
,>> Myosin
Answer: Thick filament responsible for force production
>> Actin
Answer: Thin filament that binds to myosin
>> Tropomyosin
Answer: Blocks myosin binding sites at rest
>> Troponin
Answer: Moves tropomyosin when calcium binds
>> Sliding filament model
Answer: Actin slides over myosin causing sarcomere shortening
>> Neuromuscular junction
Answer: Site where a motor neuron communicates with a muscle fiber
>> Motor unit
Answer: A motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates
>> Small motor units
Answer: Approximately 10 to 100 muscle fibers for fine control
>> Large motor units
Answer: Thousands of muscle fibers for high force production
>> Size principle
Answer: Motor units are recruited from smallest to largest as force demands
increase
, >> Type I muscle fibers
Answer: Slow-twitch, aerobic, fatigue resistant
>> Type IIa muscle fibers
Answer: Fast-twitch with mixed aerobic and anaerobic metabolism
>> Type IIx muscle fibers
Answer: Fast-twitch, anaerobic, powerful, fatigue quickly
>> Lever system
Answer: Bones and joints act as levers
>> Third-class lever
Answer: Effort applied between fulcrum and load
>> Agonist
Answer: Prime mover of a movement
>> Antagonist
Answer: Opposes the movement
>> Stabilizer
Answer: Prevents unwanted movement
>> ATP
Answer: Immediate energy source for muscle contraction
>> ATP storage
Answer: Very limited and must be continuously resynthesized
COMPLETE 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
>> Sagittal plane
Answer: Divides the body into left and right sides
>> Frontal plane
Answer: Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
>> Transverse plane
Answer: Divides the body into superior and inferior portions
>> Sagittal plane movements
Answer: Flexion and extension
>> Frontal plane movements
Answer: Abduction and adduction
>> Transverse plane movements
Answer: Rotation, supination and pronation, horizontal flexion and
extension
>> Number of bones in the human body
Answer: 206
>> Axial skeleton
Answer: 80 bones forming the body's midline
,>> Appendicular skeleton
Answer: 126 bones forming the limbs and girdles
>> Joint
Answer: A point of contact between two or more bones
>> Bone types
Answer: Long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid bones
>> Number of named muscles
Answer: Approximately 700
>> Percentage of body weight from skeletal muscle
Answer: Up to 50 percent
>> Sarcolemma
Answer: Muscle fiber cell membrane that conducts electrical signals
>> T-tubules
Answer: Carry action potentials deep into the muscle fiber
>> Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Answer: Stores and releases calcium required for muscle contraction
>> Mitochondria
Answer: Produce ATP for muscle contraction
>> Sarcomere
Answer: Functional unit of muscle contraction
,>> Myosin
Answer: Thick filament responsible for force production
>> Actin
Answer: Thin filament that binds to myosin
>> Tropomyosin
Answer: Blocks myosin binding sites at rest
>> Troponin
Answer: Moves tropomyosin when calcium binds
>> Sliding filament model
Answer: Actin slides over myosin causing sarcomere shortening
>> Neuromuscular junction
Answer: Site where a motor neuron communicates with a muscle fiber
>> Motor unit
Answer: A motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates
>> Small motor units
Answer: Approximately 10 to 100 muscle fibers for fine control
>> Large motor units
Answer: Thousands of muscle fibers for high force production
>> Size principle
Answer: Motor units are recruited from smallest to largest as force demands
increase
, >> Type I muscle fibers
Answer: Slow-twitch, aerobic, fatigue resistant
>> Type IIa muscle fibers
Answer: Fast-twitch with mixed aerobic and anaerobic metabolism
>> Type IIx muscle fibers
Answer: Fast-twitch, anaerobic, powerful, fatigue quickly
>> Lever system
Answer: Bones and joints act as levers
>> Third-class lever
Answer: Effort applied between fulcrum and load
>> Agonist
Answer: Prime mover of a movement
>> Antagonist
Answer: Opposes the movement
>> Stabilizer
Answer: Prevents unwanted movement
>> ATP
Answer: Immediate energy source for muscle contraction
>> ATP storage
Answer: Very limited and must be continuously resynthesized
