Comprehensive Overview of Skeletal Muscle and Bone Physiology, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Osteoclasts, Bone Matrix Composition, Collagen, Hydroxyapatite, Glycoproteins, Proteoglycans, Bone Remodeling, Haversian System, Compact and Spongy Bone, Diaphysis, Ep

Comprehensive Overview of Skeletal Muscle and Bone Physiology, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Osteoclasts, Bone Matrix Composition, Collagen, Hydroxyapatite, Glycoproteins, Proteoglycans, Bone Remodeling, Haversian System, Compact and Spongy Bone, Diaphysis, Epiphysis, Metaphysis, Synarthrosis, Amphiarthrosis, Diarthrosis, Fibrous and Cartilaginous Joints, Gomphosis, Syndesmosis, Synchondrosis, Muscle Contraction Mechanisms, Sarcomere, Troponin-Tropomyosin Complex, Calcium-Mediated Contraction, ATP Utilization, Isometric and Isotonic Contractions, Pennate and Fusiform Muscles Exam Questions Verified and Provided with A+ Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026 Which component of the bone matrix gives bone its tensile strength? a. Calcium b. Phosphate c. Collagen d. Magnesium ANS: C While calcium, phosphate, and magnesium all play a role in bone formation, collagen is the component of bone matrix that gives bone tensile strength. REF: p. 969, Table 38-1 Once their initial function is complete, what do osteoblasts become? a. Osteoclasts b. Osteocytes c. Chondroblasts d. Osteoids ANS: B Osteoblasts are the bone-forming cells. Their primary function is to lay down new bone. Once this function is complete, osteoblasts become osteocytes. Osteoclasts reabsorb bone. Chondroblasts are a part of mature bone. Osteoids are part of nonmineralized bone matrix that the osteoblasts work on. REF: p. 970 Hydroxyapatite found in bone matrix contains a combination of which molecules in its crystalline structure? a. Calcium and magnesium b. Calcium and phosphate c. Phosphate and magnesium d. Magnesium and hydrogen ANS: B Calcium and phosphate form amorphous (fluid) calcium phosphate compounds that are converted, in stages, to solid hexagonal crystals of hydroxyapatite. Hydroxyapatite does not contain magnesium or hydrogen. REF: p. 972 What is the major difference between compact and spongy bone? a. Organization of the structural elements b. Location within the body c. Activating chemicals in each d. Types of minerals in the bone matrix ANS: A The major difference between the two types of tissue is the organization of the elements. The differences in location in the body, chemical activation, or types of minerals contained are not as relevant. REF: pp. 972-973 How do blood vessels penetrate into the inner structures of the bone? a. Volkmann canals b. Canaliculi c. Sharpey fibers d. Lamellae ANS: A The outer layer of the periosteum contains blood vessels and nerves, some of which penetrate to the inner structures of the bone through channels called Volkmann canals. Canaliculi are small channels or canals. Sharpey fibers also help hold or attach tendons and ligaments to the periosteum of bones. Concentric layers of bone matrix are called lamellae. REF: p. 973 After puberty, the epiphyseal plate calcifies, and the epiphysis and _____ merge. a. epiphyseal line b. diaphyseal plate c. metaphysis d. articular cartilage ANS: C After puberty, the epiphyseal plate calcifies, and the epiphysis and metaphysis merge. None of the other options merges with the epiphysis after puberty. REF: p. 974 Clusters of which type of bone cells are responsible for bone remodeling? a. Trabeculae b. Osteoclastic cutting cones c. Basic multicellular units d. Haversian system cells ANS: C Remodeling is carried out by clusters of bone cells termed basic multicellular units. The basic multicellular units are made up of bone precursor cells that differentiate into osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Trabeculae are plates found in spongy bone. The osteoclasts form a "cutting cone," which gradually resorbs bone, not remodels it. Haversian canals are part of compact bone. REF: pp. 974-975 When describing a freely movable joint, which term should be used? a. Synarthrosis b. Amphiarthrosis c. Fibrous d. Diarthrosis ANS: D A diarthrotic joint is freely moveable. A synarthrotic joint is immovable. An amphiarthrotic joint is slightly movable. A fibrous joint has little, if any, movement. REF: p. 975