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Exam Overview
This 150-question comprehensive examination is designed to reflect the structure, content
domains, and competency expectations of a professional Dialysis Technician certification exam.
The assessment evaluates foundational theory, clinical application, infection control, water
treatment systems, dialysis equipment operation, vascular access management, patient care,
complications management, pharmacology, ethics, legal standards, safety, emergency
procedures, quality assurance, documentation, and professional responsibilities..
1. The primary function of hemodialysis is to:
A. Increase hemoglobin levels
B. Remove metabolic waste products and excess fluid from the blood
C. Stimulate erythropoiesis
D. Replace endocrine kidney function
Hemodialysis replaces excretory kidney function by removing uremic toxins
and excess fluid through diffusion and ultrafiltration.
2. Diffusion during dialysis refers to:
A. Movement of fluid under pressure
B. Movement of proteins across membrane
C. Movement of solutes from high to low concentration
D. Active transport of electrolytes
Diffusion is passive movement of solutes across a semipermeable membrane
down a concentration gradient.
3. Ultrafiltration occurs as a result of:
A. Osmosis
, B. Diffusion gradient
C. Transmembrane pressure
D. Blood viscosity
Ultrafiltration removes fluid by applying pressure gradient across the
dialyzer membrane.
4. The most common cause of chronic kidney disease worldwide is:
A. Glomerulonephritis
B. Polycystic kidney disease
C. Diabetes mellitus
D. Renal trauma
Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of CKD due to diabetic nephropathy.
5. Normal adult blood flow rate during hemodialysis typically ranges between:
A. 50–100 mL/min
B. 150–200 mL/min
C. 300–500 mL/min
D. 700–900 mL/min
Effective dialysis requires adequate blood flow, usually 300–500 mL/min in
adults.
6. A bruit over an AV fistula indicates:
A. Infection
B. Thrombosis
C. Patency of the access
D. Aneurysm
A bruit is a normal whooshing sound indicating blood flow through the
fistula.
7. The first action if a patient becomes hypotensive during dialysis:
A. Increase ultrafiltration
, B. Place patient in Trendelenburg position and reduce UF rate
C. Administer antihypertensive
D. Increase dialysate temperature
Management of intradialytic hypotension includes lowering UF and
positioning to improve circulation.
8. The dialyzer membrane allows passage of:
A. Red blood cells
B. Platelets
C. Small solutes like urea
D. Large plasma proteins
Semipermeable membranes allow small molecules to pass while retaining
blood cells and large proteins.
9. Heparin is administered during dialysis to:
A. Increase BP
B. Treat anemia
C. Prevent clotting in extracorporeal circuit
D. Reduce potassium
Heparin prevents clot formation in the dialysis circuit.
10.A common symptom of disequilibrium syndrome is:
A. Hypertension
B. Chest pain
C. Headache and nausea
D. Hyperglycemia
Dialysis disequilibrium is caused by rapid solute shifts leading to cerebral
edema symptoms.
11.Reverse osmosis in dialysis water treatment primarily removes:
A. Chlorine only
, B. Dissolved inorganic contaminants and microorganisms
C. Oxygen
D. Heat
RO membranes remove dissolved salts, bacteria, and endotoxins.
12.The normal dialysate potassium concentration is typically:
A. 0 mEq/L
B. 1 mEq/L
C. 2–3 mEq/L
D. 6 mEq/L
Dialysate potassium is adjusted but commonly 2–3 mEq/L.
13.The preferred vascular access for long-term dialysis:
A. Central venous catheter
B. AV graft
C. AV fistula
D. PICC line
AV fistulas have lowest infection and thrombosis rates.
14.Air in the extracorporeal circuit can cause:
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Air embolism
C. Hemolysis
D. Hypoglycemia
Air embolism is a life-threatening complication.
15.Hemolysis during dialysis may result from:
A. Low blood flow
B. Overheated dialysate
C. Low sodium