TEST 2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS VERIFIED 100% CORRECT
● What is cardiac tamponade? Answer: Fluid in the pericardial sac
causing decreasing preload. This decreases SV and ultimately CO.
● Effects of Hyper/Hypokalemia and calcemia on EKG Answer:
Hypokalemia causes U waves
Hyperkalemia causes peaked T waves
● Normal BP? Answer: 90-120/60-80
● Normal HR? Answer: 60-100 bpm
● Normal CO? Answer: 4-8 L/min
● Normal SVR? Answer: 800-1,200 dynes/seconds
● Normal PVR? Answer: 37-250 dynes/sec/cm5
, ● Normal SVo2? Answer: 60-80%
● Normal PAP? Answer: Systolic: 15-30 mm Hg
Diastolic: 4-12 mm Hg
● Normal CVP? Answer: 2-6 mmHg
● V-fib in relation to CO Answer: V-fib produces an ineffective stroke,
decreasing SV and CO.
● RV failure - treatment after RV MI Answer: Right sided measurements
are more related to fluid balance and build up of fluid in the peripheral
side. RV failure leads to insufficient LV preload. The result is low SV
and CO. Treatment involves fluid loading with hypertonic fluids (3%
saline, mannitol, 20% albumin)
● IABP optimal timing Answer: Inflation during diastole (AV closure)
and deflation during systole (QRS)
● IABP functions Answer: Decrease afterload and increase coronary
artery perfusion
● IABP waveforms Answer: Unassisted Systolic
Unassisted End Systolic