NR 507- ADVANCED PATHO MIDTERM
CORRECT 100%
Phsyiologic manifestation of anemia - ANSWERSevere fatigue, pallor, weakness,
dyspnea, dizziness
Increased RBC distribution on labs
Microcytic anemia - ANSWERMCV <80fL
Small RBCs
i.e. iron deficiency anemia, sideroblastic, thalassemia
Macrocytic anemia - ANSWERMCV >100fl
Large RBCs
i.e. B12 deficiency, folate deficiency
Normocytic anemia - ANSWERMCV 80-99fl
normal size RBCs
i.e. hereditary spherocytosis, acute blood loss, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Hypochromic - ANSWERdecreased hemoglobin
low MCHC
RBCs pale color
Hyperchromic - ANSWERincreased hemoglobin
high MCHC
dark color
Normochromic - ANSWERnormal amount of hemoglobin
normal MCHC
Normal color
Causes of vitamin B12 deficiency - ANSWERDecreased nutritional intake, impaired
absorption
Risk factors for Vitamin B12 deficiency - ANSWERvegetarian, GI issues (h. pylori), older
adults
S/S of Vitamin B12 deficiency - ANSWERfatigue, peripheral neuropathy in BLE
Causes of folic acid deficiency - ANSWERdecreased dietary intake, increased
requirement, impaired utilization
Risk factors for folic acid deficency - ANSWERalcoholism
, Symptoms of folic acid deficiency - ANSWERcheilosis, stomatitis, painful ulcerations of
mucosa, GI tract sensitivity
Iron deficiency anemia - ANSWERAccompanied by low ferritin and transferrin levels
Low MCHC
Microcytic, hypochromic
causes of iron deficiency anemia - ANSWERdietary deficiency, impaired absorption,
increased requirement, chronic blood loss
Thalassemia - ANSWERGenetic with many possible mutations
Low MCHC
Anemia of chronic disease/inflammation - ANSWERInitially normocytic-normochromic
but changes to microcytic-hypochromic
caused by decreased erythropoiesis and impaired iron utilization in those with chronic
disease/inflammation
i.e. CHF, CKD, infections
Hemolytic anemia - ANSWERpremature accelerated destruction of erythrocytes
Causes of hemolytic anemia - ANSWERAcquired (transfusion reaction, hemolytic
disease of newborns, drug, infectious, etc.)
Genetic (structural defects, plasma protein mutation, enzyme deficiencies)
Aplastic anemia - ANSWERnormal MCHC
Suspect if levels of circulating erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets are also
diminished
Sickle cell trait - ANSWERAsymptomatic
Carry only one copy of hemoglobin gene
Sickle cell disease - ANSWERSymptomatic
Carries two abnormal hemoglobin genes
Primary immunodeficiencies - ANSWERDefect occurs during immune system
development
less common
can involve antibody deficiencies, B and T cell deficiencies, etc.
Secondary immunodeficiencies - ANSWERImmune system becomes compromised by
something else
More common
i.e. cancer, drug effect, infections, malnutrition, HIV
CORRECT 100%
Phsyiologic manifestation of anemia - ANSWERSevere fatigue, pallor, weakness,
dyspnea, dizziness
Increased RBC distribution on labs
Microcytic anemia - ANSWERMCV <80fL
Small RBCs
i.e. iron deficiency anemia, sideroblastic, thalassemia
Macrocytic anemia - ANSWERMCV >100fl
Large RBCs
i.e. B12 deficiency, folate deficiency
Normocytic anemia - ANSWERMCV 80-99fl
normal size RBCs
i.e. hereditary spherocytosis, acute blood loss, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Hypochromic - ANSWERdecreased hemoglobin
low MCHC
RBCs pale color
Hyperchromic - ANSWERincreased hemoglobin
high MCHC
dark color
Normochromic - ANSWERnormal amount of hemoglobin
normal MCHC
Normal color
Causes of vitamin B12 deficiency - ANSWERDecreased nutritional intake, impaired
absorption
Risk factors for Vitamin B12 deficiency - ANSWERvegetarian, GI issues (h. pylori), older
adults
S/S of Vitamin B12 deficiency - ANSWERfatigue, peripheral neuropathy in BLE
Causes of folic acid deficiency - ANSWERdecreased dietary intake, increased
requirement, impaired utilization
Risk factors for folic acid deficency - ANSWERalcoholism
, Symptoms of folic acid deficiency - ANSWERcheilosis, stomatitis, painful ulcerations of
mucosa, GI tract sensitivity
Iron deficiency anemia - ANSWERAccompanied by low ferritin and transferrin levels
Low MCHC
Microcytic, hypochromic
causes of iron deficiency anemia - ANSWERdietary deficiency, impaired absorption,
increased requirement, chronic blood loss
Thalassemia - ANSWERGenetic with many possible mutations
Low MCHC
Anemia of chronic disease/inflammation - ANSWERInitially normocytic-normochromic
but changes to microcytic-hypochromic
caused by decreased erythropoiesis and impaired iron utilization in those with chronic
disease/inflammation
i.e. CHF, CKD, infections
Hemolytic anemia - ANSWERpremature accelerated destruction of erythrocytes
Causes of hemolytic anemia - ANSWERAcquired (transfusion reaction, hemolytic
disease of newborns, drug, infectious, etc.)
Genetic (structural defects, plasma protein mutation, enzyme deficiencies)
Aplastic anemia - ANSWERnormal MCHC
Suspect if levels of circulating erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets are also
diminished
Sickle cell trait - ANSWERAsymptomatic
Carry only one copy of hemoglobin gene
Sickle cell disease - ANSWERSymptomatic
Carries two abnormal hemoglobin genes
Primary immunodeficiencies - ANSWERDefect occurs during immune system
development
less common
can involve antibody deficiencies, B and T cell deficiencies, etc.
Secondary immunodeficiencies - ANSWERImmune system becomes compromised by
something else
More common
i.e. cancer, drug effect, infections, malnutrition, HIV
