NU 545 Exam 1 Questions with Elaborate Answers Already Graded A+

NU 545 Exam 1 Questions with Elaborate Answers Already Graded A+ 1. what happens to Na and H20 during cell injury? - ANSWER -in hypoxia ATP decreases -causes Na/K pump and Na/Ca exchange to fail -intracellular Na and Ca increase & K comes out of cell -Na & H20 can enter cell freely causing swelling and dilation of endoplasmic reticulum 2. do all cells replicate & divide - ANSWER -no, adult cells (nerve, eye, neuro, muscle) lose ability to replicate -if cell injury has occurred and cells are needed then non-dividing cells can be activated -neurons are fixed at birth 3. Stress-age syndrome pathophysiology - ANSWER ↑ baseline cortisol, ↓ clearance → prolonged glucocorticoid exposure. Altered catecholamine secretion and receptor sensitivity. ↓ innate/adaptive immunity, ↑ autoantibodies. ↑ risk of hypertension, insulin resistance, atherosclerosis. Cortisol neurotoxicity → memory decline and neurodegeneration. 4. Stress-age syndrome clinical manifestations - ANSWER Endocrine/Metabolic: hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, osteoporosis. Immune: higher infection risk, slower wound healing, ↑ autoimmune activity. Cardiovascular: hypertension, atherosclerosis, ↑ MI/stroke risk. Neurological: impaired memory, mood changes, dementia progression. General: fatigue, frailty, ↓ resilience to illness/surgery. 5. Stress-age syndrome management - ANSWER Lifestyle: exercise, stress reduction (mindfulness, CBT), sleep hygiene, social support. Nutrition: protein, vitamins (D, C, E), minerals (Ca, Zn, Se). Medical: treat comorbidities (HTN, diabetes, osteoporosis, autoimmune disease). Monitoring: screen for metabolic syndrome, CVD, cognitive decline. 6. HIV antibody appearance after blood product infection - ANSWER Antibodies to HIV typically appear within 4-7 weeks after exposure. This period is called the seroconversion window period — the time between infection and when antibodies become detectable. 7. Osmolality - ANSWER The concentration of osmoles (particles that contribute to osmotic pressure) per liter of solution. Units: Osmoles/L. Depends on volume, which can change with temperature and pressure. 8. Osmolality - ANSWER The concentration of osmoles per kilogram of solvent (usually water). Units: Osmoles/kg. Independent of temperature and pressure, so it's a more precise measure in physiology. 9. Key clinical point about osmolarity and osmolality - ANSWER In the body, differences between osmolarity and osmolality are usually small, but osmolality is preferred in clinical practice because it reflects water balance more accurately. poisoning; how does it damage cells - ANSWER -concern in kids -exposure during neuro development can cause affects on neurobehavioral and intellectual performance -nervous system, kidneys, and hematopoietic system (tissues that produce RBC) are affected -interferes with Ca -increase intracellular Ca by PKC mediated lead induced rise in intracellular free Ca causing cellular disruption -interferes with hemoglobin synthesis causing anemia let-derived growth factor - ANSWER -in alpha granules -stimulates smooth muscle cell & tissue repair is cell communication? - ANSWER -the process of cells detecting and responding to signals in the extracellular environment -required for homeostasis; regulate cellular growth, division, development and organization into tissues, and coordinates cellular function olic absorption - ANSWER -cellular function of the eukaryote cell -"takes in" by absorbing and uses nutrients to perform another action hypoxia what happens to osmotic pressures? - ANSWER -decrease osmotic pressure -amount of pressure required to oppose the osmotic movement of water -decrease Na in the ECF which decreases the pressure of the ECF and water is attracted to the ICF space causes mammary glands to enlarge during pregnancy - ANSWER - hormonal hyperplasia -stimulated by estrogen ovulation what happens to uterine endometrial cells - ANSWER - estrogen stimulates the endometrium to grow and thicken then secretory phase where glands in the endometrium secrete glycogen then ischemic phase where endometrium slough off monthly cells when a portion of liver is removed - ANSWER -regenerates through compensatory hyperplasia -a protein, hepatocyte growth factor helps this process as well as growth factors and cytokines sis in pulmonary TB - ANSWER -TB results in caseous necrosis -combination of coagulative & liquefactive which forms cyst that become necrotic -dead cells disintegrate but debris is not digested and a wall of encloses around the caseous necrosis sis in Gangrene - ANSWER -death of tissue from hypoxia -bacterial invasion occurs -dry gangrene: coagulative necrosis; skin drys and shrinks -wet gangrene: liquifactive necrosis; swollen, cold, black, foul odor from pus -gas gangrene: clostridium that produces enzymes to kill connective tissue 20.Vasodilation - ANSWER Relaxation of vascular smooth muscle, decreasing systemic vascular resistance and blood pressure. 21.Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) - ANSWER System inhibited by natriuretic peptides, leading to decreased renin and aldosterone. 22.Sympathetic Nervous System Activity - ANSWER Inhibited by natriuretic peptides to prevent excessive vasoconstriction and fluid retention.