NR 507-ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: RENAL AND
URINARY TRACT FUNCTION 100%
ACCURATE
UTI's are primarily caused by what bacteria? - ANSWEREscherichia coli (E. coli)
What cells are activated in an inflammatory response to bacteria? -
ANSWERNeutrophils, macrophages
Diagnostic tests for UTI - ANSWERUrine Dipstick
- Nitrates
- Leukocyte Esterase
- Blood
Urine culture in infection is present
- To identify bacteria
Uncomplicated UTI - ANSWERNo loss of renal function
Unhealthy Kidney - ANSWERProblems:
-Fluid overload
-Elevated wastes (Urea, Creatinine, Potassium)
- Changes in hormone levels that control: Blood pressure, RBC production, Uptake of
calcium
Renin - ANSWERhormone secreted by the kidney that raises blood pressure
Erythropoietin - ANSWERHormone stimulating red blood cell production.
Calcitriol - ANSWERActive form of vitamin D, increases calcium absorption.
Prostaglandins - ANSWERIntensify histamine and kinin effect
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) - ANSWERA hormone, secreted by the heart, that
reduces blood pressure, inhibits drinking, and promotes the excretion of water and salt
at the kidneys.
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) - ANSWERProduced by the kidneys to increase sodium
excretion in the urine
, Acute Renal Failure - ANSWERA sudden loss of kidney function caused by illness,
injury, toxin that stresses the kidneys (kidney function may recover)
- Increased BUN, Phosphorus and Potassium.
- Failure of kidneys up to 2weeks
Chronic kidney disease - ANSWERA long, slow process where the kidneys lose their
ability to function; occurs in various stages.
- Kidneys not functioning after three months time
End-stage renal disease - ANSWERKidneys completely shut down-irreversible
Symptoms of acute renal failure - ANSWER- Nausea
- Decreased appetite
- Headache
- Lethargy
- Tingling in the extremities
- Decreased urine output
- Fluid retention
- Drowsiness
- Fatigue
- Confusion
- Seizures/Coma in sever cases
- Chest pain/pressure
Oliguric phase of AKI - ANSWER- Vomiting
- Disorientation
- Edema
- Hyperkalemia
- Decreased sodium (dilutionl)
- Increased BUN/Creat.
- Acidosis
- Heart failure/Pulmonary edema
- Hypertension caused by hypovolemia
- Anorexia
- Sudden drop in UOP
- Convulsions
- Coma
- Bowel changes
Diuretic phase of AKI - ANSWER- Increased UOP
- Gradual decline in BUN and Creat.
- Hypokalemia
- Hyponatrimia
- Tachycardia
- Improved level of consciousness (due to loss of nitrogen wastes)
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: RENAL AND
URINARY TRACT FUNCTION 100%
ACCURATE
UTI's are primarily caused by what bacteria? - ANSWEREscherichia coli (E. coli)
What cells are activated in an inflammatory response to bacteria? -
ANSWERNeutrophils, macrophages
Diagnostic tests for UTI - ANSWERUrine Dipstick
- Nitrates
- Leukocyte Esterase
- Blood
Urine culture in infection is present
- To identify bacteria
Uncomplicated UTI - ANSWERNo loss of renal function
Unhealthy Kidney - ANSWERProblems:
-Fluid overload
-Elevated wastes (Urea, Creatinine, Potassium)
- Changes in hormone levels that control: Blood pressure, RBC production, Uptake of
calcium
Renin - ANSWERhormone secreted by the kidney that raises blood pressure
Erythropoietin - ANSWERHormone stimulating red blood cell production.
Calcitriol - ANSWERActive form of vitamin D, increases calcium absorption.
Prostaglandins - ANSWERIntensify histamine and kinin effect
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) - ANSWERA hormone, secreted by the heart, that
reduces blood pressure, inhibits drinking, and promotes the excretion of water and salt
at the kidneys.
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) - ANSWERProduced by the kidneys to increase sodium
excretion in the urine
, Acute Renal Failure - ANSWERA sudden loss of kidney function caused by illness,
injury, toxin that stresses the kidneys (kidney function may recover)
- Increased BUN, Phosphorus and Potassium.
- Failure of kidneys up to 2weeks
Chronic kidney disease - ANSWERA long, slow process where the kidneys lose their
ability to function; occurs in various stages.
- Kidneys not functioning after three months time
End-stage renal disease - ANSWERKidneys completely shut down-irreversible
Symptoms of acute renal failure - ANSWER- Nausea
- Decreased appetite
- Headache
- Lethargy
- Tingling in the extremities
- Decreased urine output
- Fluid retention
- Drowsiness
- Fatigue
- Confusion
- Seizures/Coma in sever cases
- Chest pain/pressure
Oliguric phase of AKI - ANSWER- Vomiting
- Disorientation
- Edema
- Hyperkalemia
- Decreased sodium (dilutionl)
- Increased BUN/Creat.
- Acidosis
- Heart failure/Pulmonary edema
- Hypertension caused by hypovolemia
- Anorexia
- Sudden drop in UOP
- Convulsions
- Coma
- Bowel changes
Diuretic phase of AKI - ANSWER- Increased UOP
- Gradual decline in BUN and Creat.
- Hypokalemia
- Hyponatrimia
- Tachycardia
- Improved level of consciousness (due to loss of nitrogen wastes)
