ANTHROPOLOGY 1000 EXAM #3
(FINAL) DR. BERK STUDY GUIDE 100%
VERIFIED 2026.
Gender/Sex - ANS Sex- biological differences
Gender- cultural constructions of male and female characteristics
Sexual Dimorphism - ANS differences in physical size between males and females (typically
males larger than females)
Third Sexes - ANS contradict dominant male/female gender distinctions by being part male
and female, or neither male nor female
example: Hijras in India; basically a male crossdresser, culturally recognized 3rd gender, role in
society
example: two spirit; plains indian group, biological male who adopts female roles, spiritual
purpose in society
Gender Norms - ANS social rules regarding what is appropriate for each gender to do
ex: guy pays for dinner-girl gives up her job to be a mother
Gender Roles - ANS expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each gender
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
1
,ex: roles of mother and father
Gender Stereotypes - ANS oversimplified but strongly held ideas about the characteristics of
males and females
Margaret Mead - ANS did early ethnographic study of variation in gender roles; studied three
societies in papa new guinea
Arapesh: acted as Americans would expect women to (mild, parental, responsive)
Mundugumor: acted as Americans would expect men to (fiercely and aggressively)
Tchambuli: men act as American women (catty, did hair, went shopping), women act as
American men (energetic, managerial, place less emphasis on personal adornment than men)
Gender Stratification - ANS unequal distribution of rewards (socially valued resources, power,
prestige, human rights, and personal freedom) between men and women
Gender Stratification and Modes of Production - ANS Foragers: little gender stratification,
gendered division of labor (hunting and gathering), less of a public-domestic dichotomy
(spheres aren't necessarily separate), status of men is noticeably higher only when their
contribution to subsistence is greater
Horticulturalists: more complex division of labor and more gender distinction, status of men is
higher when women contribute much more or much less to subsistence (they are isolated from
public domain, which men control), if there is local warfare and economic scarcity, male
dominance is likely, if there is external or no warfare or no economic scarcity, matrilocality and
matrilineality are more common (both work against male dominance)
Agriculturalists: more gender stratification, more complex division of labor and political control,
status of men is higher when they contribute more to the general as well as the household
economy, Public-Domestic distinction is pronounced, women are considered a drain
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
2
, (economically think about dowries) or a risk (politically), hence they are controlled and their
access to important resources is limited
Industrialists: gender stratification persists, division of labor is complex but not inherently
dependent on gender differences, so it is more flexible, the status of men and women is higher
when they contribute more to the household and general economies, the public-domestic
dichotomy persists, though neither space is associated exclusively with males or females,
women are less likely to be considered a drain (economically) or at risk (politically), hence
women are less controlled by men and their access to important resources is not as limited as in
pre-industrial, agricultural societies
Domestic-Public Dichotomy - ANS contrast between women's role in the home and men's
role in public life, with a corresponding social devaluation of women's work and worth
Correlations between Sexual Division of Labor and Gender Stratification - ANS women are
still unequally paid in the workforce compared to men and are socially seen as performing less
paying jobs
Patriarchy - ANS political system ruled by men in which women have inferior social and
political status, including basic human rights
Sexual Orientation - ANS a person's habitual sexual attraction and activities with persons of
the opposite sex (heterosexuality) the same sex (homosexuality) or both sexes (bisexuality)
Rosie the Riveter - ANS during WW2 notion that women were biologically unfit for hard
physical labor faded
Recent Shifts in Gender Norms and Roles - ANS 1) changing attitudes of homosexuality and
"gender transgression"
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
3
(FINAL) DR. BERK STUDY GUIDE 100%
VERIFIED 2026.
Gender/Sex - ANS Sex- biological differences
Gender- cultural constructions of male and female characteristics
Sexual Dimorphism - ANS differences in physical size between males and females (typically
males larger than females)
Third Sexes - ANS contradict dominant male/female gender distinctions by being part male
and female, or neither male nor female
example: Hijras in India; basically a male crossdresser, culturally recognized 3rd gender, role in
society
example: two spirit; plains indian group, biological male who adopts female roles, spiritual
purpose in society
Gender Norms - ANS social rules regarding what is appropriate for each gender to do
ex: guy pays for dinner-girl gives up her job to be a mother
Gender Roles - ANS expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each gender
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
1
,ex: roles of mother and father
Gender Stereotypes - ANS oversimplified but strongly held ideas about the characteristics of
males and females
Margaret Mead - ANS did early ethnographic study of variation in gender roles; studied three
societies in papa new guinea
Arapesh: acted as Americans would expect women to (mild, parental, responsive)
Mundugumor: acted as Americans would expect men to (fiercely and aggressively)
Tchambuli: men act as American women (catty, did hair, went shopping), women act as
American men (energetic, managerial, place less emphasis on personal adornment than men)
Gender Stratification - ANS unequal distribution of rewards (socially valued resources, power,
prestige, human rights, and personal freedom) between men and women
Gender Stratification and Modes of Production - ANS Foragers: little gender stratification,
gendered division of labor (hunting and gathering), less of a public-domestic dichotomy
(spheres aren't necessarily separate), status of men is noticeably higher only when their
contribution to subsistence is greater
Horticulturalists: more complex division of labor and more gender distinction, status of men is
higher when women contribute much more or much less to subsistence (they are isolated from
public domain, which men control), if there is local warfare and economic scarcity, male
dominance is likely, if there is external or no warfare or no economic scarcity, matrilocality and
matrilineality are more common (both work against male dominance)
Agriculturalists: more gender stratification, more complex division of labor and political control,
status of men is higher when they contribute more to the general as well as the household
economy, Public-Domestic distinction is pronounced, women are considered a drain
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
2
, (economically think about dowries) or a risk (politically), hence they are controlled and their
access to important resources is limited
Industrialists: gender stratification persists, division of labor is complex but not inherently
dependent on gender differences, so it is more flexible, the status of men and women is higher
when they contribute more to the household and general economies, the public-domestic
dichotomy persists, though neither space is associated exclusively with males or females,
women are less likely to be considered a drain (economically) or at risk (politically), hence
women are less controlled by men and their access to important resources is not as limited as in
pre-industrial, agricultural societies
Domestic-Public Dichotomy - ANS contrast between women's role in the home and men's
role in public life, with a corresponding social devaluation of women's work and worth
Correlations between Sexual Division of Labor and Gender Stratification - ANS women are
still unequally paid in the workforce compared to men and are socially seen as performing less
paying jobs
Patriarchy - ANS political system ruled by men in which women have inferior social and
political status, including basic human rights
Sexual Orientation - ANS a person's habitual sexual attraction and activities with persons of
the opposite sex (heterosexuality) the same sex (homosexuality) or both sexes (bisexuality)
Rosie the Riveter - ANS during WW2 notion that women were biologically unfit for hard
physical labor faded
Recent Shifts in Gender Norms and Roles - ANS 1) changing attitudes of homosexuality and
"gender transgression"
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
3
