HESI EXAM 2026 WITH 100% ACCURATE
ANSWERS
1. Describe how baroreceptors contribute to the regulation of
cardiovascular function.
Baroreceptors detect changes in blood pressure and help
regulate heart rate to maintain homeostasis.
Baroreceptors release hormones that directly affect blood vessel
diameter.
Baroreceptors are responsible for the production of red blood
cells.
Baroreceptors increase heart rate to respond to low oxygen
levels.
2. The Calvin cycle, shown in the figure at right, is critical for fixing carbon
in plants. Which of the following statements about the Calvin Cycle is
TRUE?
The ATP and NADPH used to drive the Calvin Cycle are primarily
produced by the citric acid cycle and the pentose phosphate
,pathway.
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is made as part of the reduction
, step.
The fixation step generates free O2.
The Calvin Cycle is primarily regulated by the glucose level in
the cell/organism
The regeneration step produces fructose 6-phosphate as a final
product.
3. Eye movement and papillary reflexes originate in which part of the
central nervous system?
corpus callosum
midbrain
thalamus
hippocampus
4. If a patient has a deficiency in glucagon, what effect might this have on
their blood glucose levels after fasting?
Blood glucose levels may remain low due to impaired
glycogen breakdown.
Blood glucose levels will decrease due to increased insulin
production.
Blood glucose levels will remain stable regardless of glycogen
levels.
Blood glucose levels will increase rapidly due to excess
glycogen breakdown.
5. The complete electron configuration for element Zn is:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d12
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d4 4s2 3d6
, 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 4p6 3d6
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10
6. The dermis is comprised primarily of ___ tissue
muscular tissue
epithelial tissue
nervous tissue
connective tissue
7. Describe the role of pinocytosis in cellular function and how it differs
from phagocytosis.
Pinocytosis is a form of exocytosis, while phagocytosis is a type
of diffusion.
Pinocytosis and phagocytosis are identical processes that involve
the same mechanisms.
Pinocytosis is only used by plant cells, whereas phagocytosis is
used by animal cells.
Pinocytosis allows cells to take in small particles and fluids,
while phagocytosis involves the engulfing of larger particles.
8. What are the two hormones required for the decomposition of
glycogen in liver cells?
adrenaline and norepinephrine
glucagon and epinephrine
testosterone and estrogen
insulin and cortisol
ANSWERS
1. Describe how baroreceptors contribute to the regulation of
cardiovascular function.
Baroreceptors detect changes in blood pressure and help
regulate heart rate to maintain homeostasis.
Baroreceptors release hormones that directly affect blood vessel
diameter.
Baroreceptors are responsible for the production of red blood
cells.
Baroreceptors increase heart rate to respond to low oxygen
levels.
2. The Calvin cycle, shown in the figure at right, is critical for fixing carbon
in plants. Which of the following statements about the Calvin Cycle is
TRUE?
The ATP and NADPH used to drive the Calvin Cycle are primarily
produced by the citric acid cycle and the pentose phosphate
,pathway.
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is made as part of the reduction
, step.
The fixation step generates free O2.
The Calvin Cycle is primarily regulated by the glucose level in
the cell/organism
The regeneration step produces fructose 6-phosphate as a final
product.
3. Eye movement and papillary reflexes originate in which part of the
central nervous system?
corpus callosum
midbrain
thalamus
hippocampus
4. If a patient has a deficiency in glucagon, what effect might this have on
their blood glucose levels after fasting?
Blood glucose levels may remain low due to impaired
glycogen breakdown.
Blood glucose levels will decrease due to increased insulin
production.
Blood glucose levels will remain stable regardless of glycogen
levels.
Blood glucose levels will increase rapidly due to excess
glycogen breakdown.
5. The complete electron configuration for element Zn is:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d12
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d4 4s2 3d6
, 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 4p6 3d6
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10
6. The dermis is comprised primarily of ___ tissue
muscular tissue
epithelial tissue
nervous tissue
connective tissue
7. Describe the role of pinocytosis in cellular function and how it differs
from phagocytosis.
Pinocytosis is a form of exocytosis, while phagocytosis is a type
of diffusion.
Pinocytosis and phagocytosis are identical processes that involve
the same mechanisms.
Pinocytosis is only used by plant cells, whereas phagocytosis is
used by animal cells.
Pinocytosis allows cells to take in small particles and fluids,
while phagocytosis involves the engulfing of larger particles.
8. What are the two hormones required for the decomposition of
glycogen in liver cells?
adrenaline and norepinephrine
glucagon and epinephrine
testosterone and estrogen
insulin and cortisol
