UMKC BIO 108 UNIT 3 EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
2026
Characters - ANS distinct heritable features
traits - ANS variations in characters
true-breeding - ANS plants that produce off spring of the same variety when they self-
pollinate
Hybridization - ANS mating two contrasting true breeding varieties
F1 generation - ANS the first generation of offspring obtained from an experimental cross of
two organisms
F2 generation - ANS offspring of the F1 generation
P generation - ANS true-breeding parents
dominant trait - ANS a genetic factor that blocks another genetic factor
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
1
,recessive trait - ANS a genetic factor that is blocked by the presence of a dominant factor
heritable factor - ANS we know call it a gene
Law of Segregation - ANS Mendel's law that states that the pairs of homologous
chromosomes separate in meiosis so that only one chromosome from each pair is present in
each gamete
alleles - ANS different versions of a gene
Mendel's 4 concepts - ANS 1. Different versions of genes account for variation
2. Organisms inherit two copies (two alleles) of a
gene; one from each parent
3. If the alleles are different, one will determine
the organism's appearance (dominant allele) and
one is hidden (recessive allele)
4. Law of Segregation - two alleles for a heritable
character segregate from each during gamete
formation; end up in different gametes; they
DON'T BLEND
Homozygous - ANS An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait; "True Breeding"
Heterozygous - ANS An organism that has two different alleles for a trait; not "true breeding"
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
2
, Phenotype - ANS An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.
Genotype - ANS genetic makeup of an organism
Test cross - ANS the crossing of an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous
recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype
dihybrid cross - ANS a cross between two dihybrids can determine wheteher two characters
are a package or are independent
dihybrids - ANS Parents that are heterozygous for two characters.
Law of Independent Assortment - ANS states that each pair of alleles segregates
independently of other pairs of alleles during gamete formation.
Multiplication rule - ANS states that the probability that two or more independent events will
occur together in some specific combination is the product of their individual probabilities.
Addition Rule of Probability - ANS Used to determine the probability that at least one of two
events will occur.
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(AB)
Spectrum of Dominance - ANS Alleles can show different degrees of dominance and
recessiveness to each other
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
3
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
2026
Characters - ANS distinct heritable features
traits - ANS variations in characters
true-breeding - ANS plants that produce off spring of the same variety when they self-
pollinate
Hybridization - ANS mating two contrasting true breeding varieties
F1 generation - ANS the first generation of offspring obtained from an experimental cross of
two organisms
F2 generation - ANS offspring of the F1 generation
P generation - ANS true-breeding parents
dominant trait - ANS a genetic factor that blocks another genetic factor
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
1
,recessive trait - ANS a genetic factor that is blocked by the presence of a dominant factor
heritable factor - ANS we know call it a gene
Law of Segregation - ANS Mendel's law that states that the pairs of homologous
chromosomes separate in meiosis so that only one chromosome from each pair is present in
each gamete
alleles - ANS different versions of a gene
Mendel's 4 concepts - ANS 1. Different versions of genes account for variation
2. Organisms inherit two copies (two alleles) of a
gene; one from each parent
3. If the alleles are different, one will determine
the organism's appearance (dominant allele) and
one is hidden (recessive allele)
4. Law of Segregation - two alleles for a heritable
character segregate from each during gamete
formation; end up in different gametes; they
DON'T BLEND
Homozygous - ANS An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait; "True Breeding"
Heterozygous - ANS An organism that has two different alleles for a trait; not "true breeding"
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
2
, Phenotype - ANS An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.
Genotype - ANS genetic makeup of an organism
Test cross - ANS the crossing of an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous
recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype
dihybrid cross - ANS a cross between two dihybrids can determine wheteher two characters
are a package or are independent
dihybrids - ANS Parents that are heterozygous for two characters.
Law of Independent Assortment - ANS states that each pair of alleles segregates
independently of other pairs of alleles during gamete formation.
Multiplication rule - ANS states that the probability that two or more independent events will
occur together in some specific combination is the product of their individual probabilities.
Addition Rule of Probability - ANS Used to determine the probability that at least one of two
events will occur.
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(AB)
Spectrum of Dominance - ANS Alleles can show different degrees of dominance and
recessiveness to each other
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
3
