COM 450: FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2026
Metaphor function in organizations - ANS We can learn something about organizations by
considering a disparate object that an organization resembles.
Metaphor - ANS A partial view of an organization that will both reveal and obscure important
aspects of organizing.
machine metaphor concepts - ANS specalization, standardization, predictable
Specalization - ANS every part of a machine and organization has a specific function; also
called division of labor
Standardization - ANS Also known as replaceability; you can easily replace a worker just like a
part of the machine.
Predictable - ANS Runs according to specific rules and standards, and if disorganized can
easily identify where rules and standards are not being followed.
Top-down communication - ANS Supervisors communicating with subordinates.
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
1
, Bottom-up communication - ANS Subordinates communicating with supervisors.
Lateral communication - ANS Employees at the same level communicating with each other.
Fayol's contributions - ANS elements of management and principles of management
Elements of Management - ANS what managers should do; planning, organizing, command,
coordination, control
Planning - ANS Looking to the future to determine the best way to attain organizational goals.
Organizing - ANS Arrangement of human resources and the evaluation of employees.
Command - ANS Managers set tasks for employees in order to meet organizational goals.
Coordination - ANS Separate activities should be harmonized into a single whole.
Control - ANS Comparison between goals and activities to ensure that the organization is
functioning in the manner planned.
principle of management - ANS how managers should enact these element
principle of management: structure - ANS scalar chain, unity of command, unity of direction,
division of labor, order, span of control
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
2
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2026
Metaphor function in organizations - ANS We can learn something about organizations by
considering a disparate object that an organization resembles.
Metaphor - ANS A partial view of an organization that will both reveal and obscure important
aspects of organizing.
machine metaphor concepts - ANS specalization, standardization, predictable
Specalization - ANS every part of a machine and organization has a specific function; also
called division of labor
Standardization - ANS Also known as replaceability; you can easily replace a worker just like a
part of the machine.
Predictable - ANS Runs according to specific rules and standards, and if disorganized can
easily identify where rules and standards are not being followed.
Top-down communication - ANS Supervisors communicating with subordinates.
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
1
, Bottom-up communication - ANS Subordinates communicating with supervisors.
Lateral communication - ANS Employees at the same level communicating with each other.
Fayol's contributions - ANS elements of management and principles of management
Elements of Management - ANS what managers should do; planning, organizing, command,
coordination, control
Planning - ANS Looking to the future to determine the best way to attain organizational goals.
Organizing - ANS Arrangement of human resources and the evaluation of employees.
Command - ANS Managers set tasks for employees in order to meet organizational goals.
Coordination - ANS Separate activities should be harmonized into a single whole.
Control - ANS Comparison between goals and activities to ensure that the organization is
functioning in the manner planned.
principle of management - ANS how managers should enact these element
principle of management: structure - ANS scalar chain, unity of command, unity of direction,
division of labor, order, span of control
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
2
