NR507 Midterm Study Guide Exam Week 1-4 Graded A+

NR507 – Advanced Pathophysiology Exam Study Guide – Midterm Study Guide Exam Format: Noncumulative Question Type: Multiple Choice Number of Questions: 100 Time Allotted: 120 minutes Testing Timeframe: The midterm exam will only be available starting on Wednesday Week 4 at 12:01 am MT until Saturday Week 4 at 11:59 pm MT. 1. Exam Coverage Content Areas: • Week 1: Immunological Pathologies • Week 2: Hematological and Cardiovascular Pathologies • Week 3: Pulmonary Pathologies • Week 4: Urinary System Pathologies 2. Key Concepts to Study Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation: • Pathophysiology of the four types of hypersensitivity reactions ACID Type I Immediate (Anaphylaxis) – uses IgE antibodies – antibodies bind to mast cells and basophils- releases histamines based on prior exposure to the allergen. Results to vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, hives, edema and anaphylaxis (severe). Hay fever, insect bites, food/drug allergies, asthma Type 2 Antibody-Mediated (Cytotoxic) -IgG/IgM antibodies – bind to antigens on the surface of host cells – blood cell, platelets, tissues – activates the complement system – leads to lysis – formation of the membrane attack complex. Phagocytosis may occur. transfusion reactions, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, Graves Disease, Rh Incompatibility, MG Type 3 Immune-Complex -IgG/IgM. formation of immune complex that deposit in the tissues. Activates the complement system – leads to inflammation and tissue damage. SLE, RA, serum sickness, vasculitis, glomerulonephritis Type 4 Delayed (Cell Meditated)- T-cells (CD4, TH1). Antigen presenting cells capture the antigen and present in T helper cells which become sensitized and activate during subsequent exposure. Upon re-exposure the t cell releases cytokins – activation of immune cells- causes inflammation and tissue damage. Contact dermatitis, TB, chronic transplant rejection, MS • Prototype diseases that reflect each of the four types of hypersensitivity (i.e. Type IV- contact dermatitis) and signs and symptoms Type I – Immediate (Anaphylaxis) Cause: Allergens (food/meds/hay fever, asthma, dermatitis) Components: IgE, Mast Cells, histamine S/S – Sudden onset wheezing Hives hypotension, tachycardia, dizziness Swelling nausea, vomiting, diarrhea Shock (severe) Type 2 -Cytotoxic (Antibody Mediated) Cause: receiving incompatible blood type, hemolytic anemia, Graves Disease, MG S/S – Fever hypotension, jaundice Chills hemoglobinuria Back/flank pain renal failure/shock (severe) Type 3 -Immune-Complex Cause: Autoimmune response Components – IgG/IgM, antibody-antigen components, complement, RA, serum sickness, glomerulonephritis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, TB, MS DMI S/S- Butterfly rash (Malar rash) renal involvement Fatigue/fever neurological sympotms Joint pain serositis (pericarditis/pleuritis) Photosensitivity Type 4 – Delayed Type Cause : skin contact with allergen (poison ivy, nickel, latex) Components -T cells, cytokins, macrophanges S/S Red, itchy rash localized swelling Blisters Scaling/thickened skin (with chronic exposure) • Treatment options for diseases under each hypersensitivity category Type I – Immediate Type (Anaphylaxis) Anaphylaxis Treatment Epi Antihistamines Oxygen Corticosteriods IV fluids Airway Management Allergic Rhinitis Treatment