D115 MASTER SET-ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FOR THE ADVANCED
PRACTICE NURSE EXAM QUESTIONS AND
100% CORRECT SOLUTIONS
Which type of genetic disease affects males more frequently than females? -
............ANSWER.............. Sex-Linked recessive. Since males only have one X and
one Y, if the affected chromosome has the illness, it will be expressed.
In which two conditions are chromosomal abnormalities the leading known cause?
- ............ANSWER.............. Intellectual disability and fetal miscarriage.
Chromosome abnormalities are the leading known cause of intellectual disability
and fetal miscarriage.
What are three examples of prenatal diagnostic studies? -
............ANSWER.............. Chorionic villus sampling (CVS), amniocentesis, and
preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) are examples of prenatal diagnostic studies
and are performed in vitro. CVS is a form of genetic testing that provides genetic
information found in utero and is usually performed between weeks 11 and 14 of
pregnancy. An amniocentesis is a form of genetic testing that evaluates amniotic
fluid and is usually performed during the second trimester, between weeks 15 and
20 of pregnancy. PGT is performed on the embryo prior to implantation.
Which genetic disorder is characterized by the presence of a zygote having one
chromosome with a normal complement of genes and one chromosome with a
missing gene? - ............ANSWER.............. Cri du chat syndrome (translated as
"cry of the cat") is caused by a DNA deletion. This term describes the cry often
heard from a baby affected by the syndrome. Cri du chat syndrome can present as a
microcephalic, low birth-weight baby with a piercing cry.
1|Page
,How can an X-linked recessive disease skip generations? -
............ANSWER.............. The disease can be transmitted through female carriers.
Since females have two copies of the X chromosome, the mother may provide an
unaffected X to a daughter or son. Furthermore, a daughter may not show signs of
the disease because she has the other X (the only X the father can give to a female)
to cancel it out.
Which type of risk is referred to as the ratio of the disease rate among the entire
population to the disease rate in an unexposed population? -
............ANSWER.............. Relative risk is a ratio of probability, not an actual
occurrence of disease.
What are the empirical risks for most multifactorial diseases based on? -
............ANSWER.............. Many factors from lifestyle to genetics affect
multifactorial diseases. Observation and evaluation of each case individually
provides the most thorough and accurate assessment.
What refers to the silenced gene of a gene pair. - ............ANSWER.............. The
imprinted gene is the silent gene of a gene pair.
What is the primary reason that some older adults have impaired inflammation and
wound healing? - ............ANSWER.............. The underlying chronic illness exists.
A generalized inflammatory response seen in chronic illness depletes the body's
reserves to fight against illness.
Which cells are the body's primary defense against parasite invasion? -
............ANSWER.............. Eosinophils are the body's primary defense against
parasites.
2|Page
,What Phagocytes bacteria? - ............ANSWER.............. Macrophages work by
eating or phagocytosing bacteria.
What is the first response to a foreign pathogen? - ............ANSWER..............
Helper T cells
Which characteristic is the most important determinant of immunogenicity when
considering the antigen? - ............ANSWER.............. Immunogenicity is primarily
based on the ability to recognize something foreign.
How are erythrocytes destroyed when mismatched blood is administered, causing
an ABO incompatibility? - ............ANSWER.............. The complement pathway is
activated in response to blood incompatibility.
What is the hypersensitivity reaction that causes atopic dermatitis? -
............ANSWER.............. An immediate (type I) hypersensitivity reaction causes
atopic dermatitis.
Which four infections are considered fungal infections? -
............ANSWER.............. Infection with a fungus is called mycosis and includes
dermatophytes (e.g., tineas, which refers to several skin mycoses, including
ringworm and athlete's foot) and yeasts, which include candida and aspergillus.
When is the earliest after sexual transmission of HIV that lab results can detect
infection? - ............ANSWER.............. Lab testing can detect HIV RNA 4 to 10
days after sexual transmission, whereas HIV antibody testing may take 23 to 90
days to result in a positive test. Repeat testing may be needed to rule out a false
negative test due to testing too soon after exposure, especially if a high likelihood
of exposure is suspected.
3|Page
, What is a characteristic of exotoxins? - ............ANSWER.............. Exotoxins are
released during bacterial growth.
Which dietary lifestyle choice has been associated with a decreased risk for
developing colon cancer? - ............ANSWER.............. The results of decreased fat
consumption have been widely studied and have demonstrated a decreased risk of
developing colon cancer.
Which cancer is an individual who has worked with asbestos for over 40 years
most likely to develop? - ............ANSWER.............. Asbestos exposure results in
an increased risk of lung and lung lining cancer.
Which statement is true regarding ultraviolet (UV) light?
The degree of damage is not affected by the light's wavelength. -
............ANSWER.............. UV light causes basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell
carcinoma when the UVB rays hit DNA strands, causing thymine base pairs that
are side by side to pair together, becoming thymine dimers. These thymine dimers
lead to cell death or cancer.
Which cancer does exercise have a convincing impact on reducing? -
............ANSWER.............. Exercise-induced myokines cause apoptosis of colon
cancer cells.
Low healthcare literacy is recognized as a major risk factor in blood pressure
control and has been shown to have adverse effects on health outcomes.
true or false - ............ANSWER.............. TRUE
By providing patient education at the appropriate literacy level, improved health
outcomes may result.
4|Page
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FOR THE ADVANCED
PRACTICE NURSE EXAM QUESTIONS AND
100% CORRECT SOLUTIONS
Which type of genetic disease affects males more frequently than females? -
............ANSWER.............. Sex-Linked recessive. Since males only have one X and
one Y, if the affected chromosome has the illness, it will be expressed.
In which two conditions are chromosomal abnormalities the leading known cause?
- ............ANSWER.............. Intellectual disability and fetal miscarriage.
Chromosome abnormalities are the leading known cause of intellectual disability
and fetal miscarriage.
What are three examples of prenatal diagnostic studies? -
............ANSWER.............. Chorionic villus sampling (CVS), amniocentesis, and
preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) are examples of prenatal diagnostic studies
and are performed in vitro. CVS is a form of genetic testing that provides genetic
information found in utero and is usually performed between weeks 11 and 14 of
pregnancy. An amniocentesis is a form of genetic testing that evaluates amniotic
fluid and is usually performed during the second trimester, between weeks 15 and
20 of pregnancy. PGT is performed on the embryo prior to implantation.
Which genetic disorder is characterized by the presence of a zygote having one
chromosome with a normal complement of genes and one chromosome with a
missing gene? - ............ANSWER.............. Cri du chat syndrome (translated as
"cry of the cat") is caused by a DNA deletion. This term describes the cry often
heard from a baby affected by the syndrome. Cri du chat syndrome can present as a
microcephalic, low birth-weight baby with a piercing cry.
1|Page
,How can an X-linked recessive disease skip generations? -
............ANSWER.............. The disease can be transmitted through female carriers.
Since females have two copies of the X chromosome, the mother may provide an
unaffected X to a daughter or son. Furthermore, a daughter may not show signs of
the disease because she has the other X (the only X the father can give to a female)
to cancel it out.
Which type of risk is referred to as the ratio of the disease rate among the entire
population to the disease rate in an unexposed population? -
............ANSWER.............. Relative risk is a ratio of probability, not an actual
occurrence of disease.
What are the empirical risks for most multifactorial diseases based on? -
............ANSWER.............. Many factors from lifestyle to genetics affect
multifactorial diseases. Observation and evaluation of each case individually
provides the most thorough and accurate assessment.
What refers to the silenced gene of a gene pair. - ............ANSWER.............. The
imprinted gene is the silent gene of a gene pair.
What is the primary reason that some older adults have impaired inflammation and
wound healing? - ............ANSWER.............. The underlying chronic illness exists.
A generalized inflammatory response seen in chronic illness depletes the body's
reserves to fight against illness.
Which cells are the body's primary defense against parasite invasion? -
............ANSWER.............. Eosinophils are the body's primary defense against
parasites.
2|Page
,What Phagocytes bacteria? - ............ANSWER.............. Macrophages work by
eating or phagocytosing bacteria.
What is the first response to a foreign pathogen? - ............ANSWER..............
Helper T cells
Which characteristic is the most important determinant of immunogenicity when
considering the antigen? - ............ANSWER.............. Immunogenicity is primarily
based on the ability to recognize something foreign.
How are erythrocytes destroyed when mismatched blood is administered, causing
an ABO incompatibility? - ............ANSWER.............. The complement pathway is
activated in response to blood incompatibility.
What is the hypersensitivity reaction that causes atopic dermatitis? -
............ANSWER.............. An immediate (type I) hypersensitivity reaction causes
atopic dermatitis.
Which four infections are considered fungal infections? -
............ANSWER.............. Infection with a fungus is called mycosis and includes
dermatophytes (e.g., tineas, which refers to several skin mycoses, including
ringworm and athlete's foot) and yeasts, which include candida and aspergillus.
When is the earliest after sexual transmission of HIV that lab results can detect
infection? - ............ANSWER.............. Lab testing can detect HIV RNA 4 to 10
days after sexual transmission, whereas HIV antibody testing may take 23 to 90
days to result in a positive test. Repeat testing may be needed to rule out a false
negative test due to testing too soon after exposure, especially if a high likelihood
of exposure is suspected.
3|Page
, What is a characteristic of exotoxins? - ............ANSWER.............. Exotoxins are
released during bacterial growth.
Which dietary lifestyle choice has been associated with a decreased risk for
developing colon cancer? - ............ANSWER.............. The results of decreased fat
consumption have been widely studied and have demonstrated a decreased risk of
developing colon cancer.
Which cancer is an individual who has worked with asbestos for over 40 years
most likely to develop? - ............ANSWER.............. Asbestos exposure results in
an increased risk of lung and lung lining cancer.
Which statement is true regarding ultraviolet (UV) light?
The degree of damage is not affected by the light's wavelength. -
............ANSWER.............. UV light causes basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell
carcinoma when the UVB rays hit DNA strands, causing thymine base pairs that
are side by side to pair together, becoming thymine dimers. These thymine dimers
lead to cell death or cancer.
Which cancer does exercise have a convincing impact on reducing? -
............ANSWER.............. Exercise-induced myokines cause apoptosis of colon
cancer cells.
Low healthcare literacy is recognized as a major risk factor in blood pressure
control and has been shown to have adverse effects on health outcomes.
true or false - ............ANSWER.............. TRUE
By providing patient education at the appropriate literacy level, improved health
outcomes may result.
4|Page
