NURS 2850 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
2026
Describe the possible effect of genetic disorders: - ANS can damage and mutate DNA,
resulting in the initiation of events that can cause cell injury. Damaged DNA is transcribed as
defective RNA, which transmits flawed instructions to the ribosomes. At the ribosomees, the
defective RNA causes synthesis of abnormal cellular proteins, which can initiate disease.
Describe the impact that cellular injury often has: - ANS injury to DNA can cause mutations
which change in cell structure and function.
Commonly changes in the cell's DNA will initiate changes that bring about genetically
programmed cell degeneration, also called the apoptosis.
Gene mutations - ANS occur when a gene is DAMAGED or CHANGED in such a way that it
alters the genetic code carried by the gene.
change of nucleotides (deletions or insertion)
causes of gene mutations: - ANS can be INHERITED from parents or can occur spontaneously
because of ENVIRONMENTAL influences.
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1
,Describe the consequence of mutations to gamete genes: - ANS known as germ cell
mutations, can be passed down to future offspring.
four diseases that are the result of multifactorial genetic influences: - ANS Hypertension,
heart disease, diabetes mellitus (DM), and most cancers are caused by a combination genetics
and environment or a combination of several defective genes working, or not working together.
multiple factors that contribute to disease development - ANS an individual INHERITS one or
more gene defects that predisposes them to the disorder, and then ENVIRONMENTAL or
BEHAVIORS triggers such as diet, exposure to toxins, or sedentary lifestyle contribute to disease
development.
"Two Hit" hypothesis - ANS
what happens in most cases when one of a pair's alleles becomes damaged or mutated: -
ANS normal corresponding allele can counteract the effect.
In many diseases both alleles have to be mutated.
components that should be included in a genetic risk assessment: - ANS include a family
history with multigenerational patterns of illness, as well as ethnic, cultural, and social practices.
Discuss the importance of including ethnicity in a genetic assessment: - ANS certain illness
patterns are seen in specific ethnic groups.
Eustress - ANS A positive stress that energizes a person and helps a person reach a goal
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2
, physical responses that occur with any type of stress: - ANS excites the nervous, endocrine,
and musculoskeletal systems and allows one to quickly react to an emergent situation.
The heart rate speeds up and myocardial contractile function strengthens; the bronchioles
dilate, allowing more air to enter the lungs. Chemical mediators provoke stress hormones that
are released into the bloodstream, priming the body to be alert, Concentration becomes more
focused, reaction time is faster, and strength and agility increase.
What happens when the stressful situation ends? - ANS Hormonal signals switch off the
stress response and the body returns to normal.
Describe the effects of frequent or long term stressors: - ANS can have a hazardous effect on
the body, diminishing immunity and increasing the risk of autoimmune disease, cancer, heart
disease depression and a variety of other illnesses.
Selye's Stress Response Theory - ANS
Define adaptive ability - ANS is the way in which the individual manages the stress and
reduces the stressors effect on his/her life.
Describe coping mechanisms - ANS are the emotional and behavioral responses used to
manage threats to physiological and psychological homeostasis.
Discuss CONDITIONING FACTORS and their role in an individual's reaction to stress -
ANS factors such as age, gender, genetic predisposition, pre-existing health conditions, life
experiences, developmental level, educational level, and social support.
General Adaptation Syndrome - ANS alarm stage, resistance stage, exhaustion stage
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
3
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
2026
Describe the possible effect of genetic disorders: - ANS can damage and mutate DNA,
resulting in the initiation of events that can cause cell injury. Damaged DNA is transcribed as
defective RNA, which transmits flawed instructions to the ribosomes. At the ribosomees, the
defective RNA causes synthesis of abnormal cellular proteins, which can initiate disease.
Describe the impact that cellular injury often has: - ANS injury to DNA can cause mutations
which change in cell structure and function.
Commonly changes in the cell's DNA will initiate changes that bring about genetically
programmed cell degeneration, also called the apoptosis.
Gene mutations - ANS occur when a gene is DAMAGED or CHANGED in such a way that it
alters the genetic code carried by the gene.
change of nucleotides (deletions or insertion)
causes of gene mutations: - ANS can be INHERITED from parents or can occur spontaneously
because of ENVIRONMENTAL influences.
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
1
,Describe the consequence of mutations to gamete genes: - ANS known as germ cell
mutations, can be passed down to future offspring.
four diseases that are the result of multifactorial genetic influences: - ANS Hypertension,
heart disease, diabetes mellitus (DM), and most cancers are caused by a combination genetics
and environment or a combination of several defective genes working, or not working together.
multiple factors that contribute to disease development - ANS an individual INHERITS one or
more gene defects that predisposes them to the disorder, and then ENVIRONMENTAL or
BEHAVIORS triggers such as diet, exposure to toxins, or sedentary lifestyle contribute to disease
development.
"Two Hit" hypothesis - ANS
what happens in most cases when one of a pair's alleles becomes damaged or mutated: -
ANS normal corresponding allele can counteract the effect.
In many diseases both alleles have to be mutated.
components that should be included in a genetic risk assessment: - ANS include a family
history with multigenerational patterns of illness, as well as ethnic, cultural, and social practices.
Discuss the importance of including ethnicity in a genetic assessment: - ANS certain illness
patterns are seen in specific ethnic groups.
Eustress - ANS A positive stress that energizes a person and helps a person reach a goal
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
2
, physical responses that occur with any type of stress: - ANS excites the nervous, endocrine,
and musculoskeletal systems and allows one to quickly react to an emergent situation.
The heart rate speeds up and myocardial contractile function strengthens; the bronchioles
dilate, allowing more air to enter the lungs. Chemical mediators provoke stress hormones that
are released into the bloodstream, priming the body to be alert, Concentration becomes more
focused, reaction time is faster, and strength and agility increase.
What happens when the stressful situation ends? - ANS Hormonal signals switch off the
stress response and the body returns to normal.
Describe the effects of frequent or long term stressors: - ANS can have a hazardous effect on
the body, diminishing immunity and increasing the risk of autoimmune disease, cancer, heart
disease depression and a variety of other illnesses.
Selye's Stress Response Theory - ANS
Define adaptive ability - ANS is the way in which the individual manages the stress and
reduces the stressors effect on his/her life.
Describe coping mechanisms - ANS are the emotional and behavioral responses used to
manage threats to physiological and psychological homeostasis.
Discuss CONDITIONING FACTORS and their role in an individual's reaction to stress -
ANS factors such as age, gender, genetic predisposition, pre-existing health conditions, life
experiences, developmental level, educational level, and social support.
General Adaptation Syndrome - ANS alarm stage, resistance stage, exhaustion stage
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
3
