Veterinary Pharmacology II – Exam 1 Study Guide
(RUSVM)
What are the two treatments for microcytic (hypochromic) anemia? How is each administered?
- correct answer ✔✔ Iron carbohydrate complexes (administered parenterally), ferrous
complexes/inorganic iron (administered orally), copper sulfate (orally), and copper glycinate
(subcutaneous or intramuscular)
As an anemic drug what is the problem with administering iron via IV? - correct answer ✔✔
hypersensitivity
Which is better for treating microcytic anemia, ferrous or ferric compounds? - correct answer
✔✔ ferrous is better because it is an inorganic compound and have less astringent effects (ie.
less GI side effects)
If you have a patient with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia and you want a drug that would
suppress the immune system, what drugs would you consider? - correct answer ✔✔
Glucocorticoids (prednisone and presnisolone), cytocytic drugs (cyclosphosphamide and
azathioprine), Danazol, and Cyclosporin A
What are the two colony stimulating drugs and what is the mechanism of action for each? -
correct answer ✔✔ Filgrastim initates G-CSF which stimulates progenitor cells for neutrophils
only
Sargramostim initiates GM-CSF which stimulates progenitor cells for neutrophils, basophils,
eosinophils, erythrocytes, and macrophages
What are your anticancer drugs and what are their adverse effect? - correct answer ✔✔
filgrastim and sargramostim (used for neutropenia in cancer patients)
Can induce bone pain, fever, and cardiopulmonary toxicity
,What are the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways for the formation of fibrin? - correct answer ✔✔
Intrinsic: factor XI -> factor IX -> factor VIII -> factor X
Extrinsic: tissue factor activates factor VII -> factor X
Common: factor X activates prothrombin (factor II) -> thrombin (active factor II) which activated
fibrinogen -> fibrin and factor XIII to active factor XIII (stabilizing factor)
How does epinephrine act as a local hemostatic (styptic)? - correct answer ✔✔ it is a alpha-1
agonist that causes vasocontriction
What are the four drugs used to treat systemic hemostatics and what is the main clinical use of
each? - correct answer ✔✔ Vitamin K is used to treat bleeding due to bleeding due to warfarin
poisoning
Protamine sulfate is used to control bleeding due to heparin
Aminocaproic acid is used to control bleeding due to thrombolytic agents
Desmopressin is used to control bleeding due to decreased levels of von Williband Factor
What are the three classifications of Vitamin K? Which one is used as a warfarin antidote?
Which one cannot be used in horses? Which one is used for Vitamin K deficiency? - correct
answer ✔✔ Vitamin K1 (phytonadione) from plants
Vitamin K2 (menaquinone) from bacteria
Vitamin K3 (menadione) is synthetic
Vitamin K1 is used as a warfarin antidote and Vitamin K3 is not used in horses due to renal
failure but is used for vitamin K deficiency
What is the mechanism of action for Vitamin K? How does warfarin inhibit this? - correct answer
✔✔ Vitamin K activates prothrombin, factors VII, IX, and X; however warfarin inhibits vitamin K
opoxide reductase which inhibits vitamin K activation
, What is the treatment of epistaxis in dogs and horses? - correct answer ✔✔ Vitamin K in
combination with local hemostatics (vasocontrictors, astringents [tannic acid, ferric chloride],
thromboplastin, thrombim, fibrinogen, and fibrin)
How is protamine sulfate administered and what is the mechanism of action? What are the side
effects? - correct answer ✔✔ given slowly by IV
binds to heparin and inactivates it
Even though it stops bleeding, if given in high doses, protamine sulfate can have anticoagulant
effects and induce bleeding
What is the mechanism of action for aminocaprioc acid? What is a specific treatment for
German Shepherds? - correct answer ✔✔ Aminocaprioc acid inhibits the conversion of
plasminogen to plasmin to stop hyperfibrinolysis
used to treat degernerative myelopathy in German Shepherds
What is the mechanism of action for Desmopressin (DDAVP)? - correct answer ✔✔ Increased
the levels of von Williband Factor by causing release from endothelial cells and macrophages
(only lasts 2 hours per dose)
What is the mechanism of action and the administration preference of heparin? - correct
answer ✔✔ activated antithrombin III which inhibits thrombin and factors IX, X, XI, and XII
Heparin should be given subcutaneously and via IV but not via IM becuse it is a poor penetrator
What is the anticoagulant of choice during pregnancy? Why? - correct answer ✔✔ Heparin,
because it does not cross the placenta
How is Warfarin administered? What are the charcteristics of its absorptive ability? - correct
answer ✔✔ Warfarin is given orally
The absorption is very slow but complete and long lasting (2-5 days) due to 90% binding to
albumin; it is metabolized in the liver
(RUSVM)
What are the two treatments for microcytic (hypochromic) anemia? How is each administered?
- correct answer ✔✔ Iron carbohydrate complexes (administered parenterally), ferrous
complexes/inorganic iron (administered orally), copper sulfate (orally), and copper glycinate
(subcutaneous or intramuscular)
As an anemic drug what is the problem with administering iron via IV? - correct answer ✔✔
hypersensitivity
Which is better for treating microcytic anemia, ferrous or ferric compounds? - correct answer
✔✔ ferrous is better because it is an inorganic compound and have less astringent effects (ie.
less GI side effects)
If you have a patient with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia and you want a drug that would
suppress the immune system, what drugs would you consider? - correct answer ✔✔
Glucocorticoids (prednisone and presnisolone), cytocytic drugs (cyclosphosphamide and
azathioprine), Danazol, and Cyclosporin A
What are the two colony stimulating drugs and what is the mechanism of action for each? -
correct answer ✔✔ Filgrastim initates G-CSF which stimulates progenitor cells for neutrophils
only
Sargramostim initiates GM-CSF which stimulates progenitor cells for neutrophils, basophils,
eosinophils, erythrocytes, and macrophages
What are your anticancer drugs and what are their adverse effect? - correct answer ✔✔
filgrastim and sargramostim (used for neutropenia in cancer patients)
Can induce bone pain, fever, and cardiopulmonary toxicity
,What are the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways for the formation of fibrin? - correct answer ✔✔
Intrinsic: factor XI -> factor IX -> factor VIII -> factor X
Extrinsic: tissue factor activates factor VII -> factor X
Common: factor X activates prothrombin (factor II) -> thrombin (active factor II) which activated
fibrinogen -> fibrin and factor XIII to active factor XIII (stabilizing factor)
How does epinephrine act as a local hemostatic (styptic)? - correct answer ✔✔ it is a alpha-1
agonist that causes vasocontriction
What are the four drugs used to treat systemic hemostatics and what is the main clinical use of
each? - correct answer ✔✔ Vitamin K is used to treat bleeding due to bleeding due to warfarin
poisoning
Protamine sulfate is used to control bleeding due to heparin
Aminocaproic acid is used to control bleeding due to thrombolytic agents
Desmopressin is used to control bleeding due to decreased levels of von Williband Factor
What are the three classifications of Vitamin K? Which one is used as a warfarin antidote?
Which one cannot be used in horses? Which one is used for Vitamin K deficiency? - correct
answer ✔✔ Vitamin K1 (phytonadione) from plants
Vitamin K2 (menaquinone) from bacteria
Vitamin K3 (menadione) is synthetic
Vitamin K1 is used as a warfarin antidote and Vitamin K3 is not used in horses due to renal
failure but is used for vitamin K deficiency
What is the mechanism of action for Vitamin K? How does warfarin inhibit this? - correct answer
✔✔ Vitamin K activates prothrombin, factors VII, IX, and X; however warfarin inhibits vitamin K
opoxide reductase which inhibits vitamin K activation
, What is the treatment of epistaxis in dogs and horses? - correct answer ✔✔ Vitamin K in
combination with local hemostatics (vasocontrictors, astringents [tannic acid, ferric chloride],
thromboplastin, thrombim, fibrinogen, and fibrin)
How is protamine sulfate administered and what is the mechanism of action? What are the side
effects? - correct answer ✔✔ given slowly by IV
binds to heparin and inactivates it
Even though it stops bleeding, if given in high doses, protamine sulfate can have anticoagulant
effects and induce bleeding
What is the mechanism of action for aminocaprioc acid? What is a specific treatment for
German Shepherds? - correct answer ✔✔ Aminocaprioc acid inhibits the conversion of
plasminogen to plasmin to stop hyperfibrinolysis
used to treat degernerative myelopathy in German Shepherds
What is the mechanism of action for Desmopressin (DDAVP)? - correct answer ✔✔ Increased
the levels of von Williband Factor by causing release from endothelial cells and macrophages
(only lasts 2 hours per dose)
What is the mechanism of action and the administration preference of heparin? - correct
answer ✔✔ activated antithrombin III which inhibits thrombin and factors IX, X, XI, and XII
Heparin should be given subcutaneously and via IV but not via IM becuse it is a poor penetrator
What is the anticoagulant of choice during pregnancy? Why? - correct answer ✔✔ Heparin,
because it does not cross the placenta
How is Warfarin administered? What are the charcteristics of its absorptive ability? - correct
answer ✔✔ Warfarin is given orally
The absorption is very slow but complete and long lasting (2-5 days) due to 90% binding to
albumin; it is metabolized in the liver
