1. Enumerate the paranasal air sinuses with their draining sites. How
/ / / / / / / / / /
maxillary hiatus is reduced? Mention their lining epithelium,
/ / / / / / / /
development and functions of air sinuses. What is sinusitis?
/ / / / / / / / /
Paranasal air sinus:
/ /
These/ are/ air/ filled/ cavities/ lined/ by/ muco-periosteum/ present/ within/ some/ bones/
around/ the/ nasal/ cavities.
Paranasal/ Air/ Sinus Draining/ Sites
1./ Frontal/ Air/ Sinuses/ (1/ pair) Anterior/ part/ of/ the/ middle/ meatus/
through/the/ethmoidal/infundibulum
or/ frontonasal/ duct
a./ Anterior/ (up/ to/ 2) Middle/ meatus/ through/ethmoidal/
2./Ethmoidal/ infundibulum
Air/ Sinuses b./ Middle/ (3) Middle/ meatus/ on/ or/ above/ the/ bulla
c./ Posterior/ (1-7) Superior/ meatus
3./ Sphenoidal/ Air/ Sinuses/ (1/ pair) Superior/ meatus
4./ Maxillary/ Air/ Sinuses/ (1/ pair) Middle/ meatus/ through/ the/ lowest
part/ of/ hiatus/ semilunaris
All/ the/ air/ sinuses/ drains/ into/ middle/ meatus/ except/ the/ posterior/ part/ of/ ethmoidal/
air/ sinus/ and/ sphenoidal/ air/ sinus/ which/ drains/ into/ superior/ meatus.
,Maxillary hiatus is reduced in living conditions by the following factors:
/ / / / / / / / / /
Above:/ By/ uncinate/ process/ of/ Ethmoid/ bone/ and/ Lacrimal/ bone
Below:/ By/ inferior/ nasal/ concha
Behind:/ By/ maxillary/ process/ of/ perpendicular/ plate/ of/ Palatine/ bone./
It/ is/ further/ reduced/ by/ thick/ mucosa/ of/ the/ nasal/ cavity.
Lining epithelium of paranasal air sinuses:
/ / / / /
-/ Pseudostratified/ ciliated/ columnar/ epithelium.
Development:
Paranasal/ air/ sinuses/ developed/ as/ diverticula/ of/ the/ lateral/ nasal/ wall/ and/ extends/
into/ the/ maxilla,/ ethmoid,/ frontal/ and/ sphenoid/ bones.
Functions:
1. Lightening/ of/ the/ skull.
2. Humidification/ of/ ais
3. Resonance/ of/ voice
4. Gives/ the/ shape/ of/ the/ face.
Sinusitis:
Inflammation/ of/ mucosa/ of/ paranasal/ air/ sinuses/ producing/ inflammatory/ exudate/
or/ pus,/ is/ known/ as/ sinusitis.
2. Mention cartilages, lining epithelium and nerve supply of the larynx.
/ / / / / / / / / /
Give a short description of interior of larynx (with diagram). What is
/ / / / / / / / / / / /
hoarseness of voice? What is laryngitis?
/ / / / /
Cartilages of larynx:
/ /
1. Unpaired/ cartilages:
a. Cricoid/ cartilage
b. Thyroid/ cartilage
c. Epiglottic/ cartilage
2. Paired/ cartilages:
a. Arytenoid/ cartilage
b. Cuneiform/ cartilage.
c. Corniculate/ cartilage
,Nice/ to/ know
[Types:
A. Elastic/ fibrocartilage:
Corniculate,/ cuneiform,/ epiglottic/ &/ the/ apices/ of/ the/ arytenoids.
B. Hyaline/ Cartilage:
Thyroid,/ Cricoid/ &/ greater/ part/ of/ the/ arytenoids.]
Lining epithelium of larynx:
/ / /
1. Anterior/ surface/ and/ upper/ part/ of/ the/ posterior/ surface/ of/ Epiglottis,/ upper/
part/ of/ the/ aryepiglottic/ folds/ and/ vocal/ fold/ are/ lined/ by/ Non-keratinized/
stratified/ squamous/ epithelium.
2. The/ rest/ of/ the/ larynx/ is/ lined/ by/ Pseudo-stratified/ ciliated/ columnar/
epithelium.
Nerve supply of larynx:
/ / /
Motor/ supply:
All/ the/ intrinsic/ and/ extrinsic/ muscles/ of/ larynx/ are/ supplied/ by/ Recurrent/
laryngeal/ nerve,/ except/ Cricothyroid/ which/ is/ supplied/ by/ External/ laryngeal/
nerve.
Sensory/ supply:
- Mucous/ membrane/ above/ the/ vocal/ fold/ is/ supplied/ by/ internal/ laryngeal/ nerve
- Below/ the/ vocal/ fold/ is/ supplied/ by/ Recurrent/ laryngeal/ nerve.
Autonomic/ Innervation:
- Parasympathetic / secretomotor/ fibers/ –/ run/ with/ both/ the/ superior/ and/ recurrent/
laryngeal/ nerves
- Postganglionic/ sympathetic/ fibers/ –/ Originate/ in/ the/ superior/ and/ middle/ cervical/
ganglia.
, Interior of larynx:
/ /
Cavity/ of/ larynx/ extends/ from/ laryngeal/ inlet/ to/ the/ lower/ border/ of/ cricoid/
cartilage.
It/ is/ divided/ into/ 3/ parts/ by/ Vestibular/ and/ vocal/ folds,
i. Upper/ part/ or/ Vestibule/ of/ larynx:
- It/ extends/ from/ the/ laryngeal/ inlet/ to/ the/ vestibular/ folds./ Vestibular/ folds/ are/ the/
mucosal/ folds/ which/ project/ medially/ and/ the/ gap/ between/ two/ vestibular/ fold/ is/
known/ as/ “Rima/ vestibuli.”
ii. Middle/ part/ of/ Larynx:
- It/ extends/ from/ vestibular/ folds/ to/ vocal/ folds./ The/ gap/ between/ the/ vocal/ folds/ is/
known/ as/ “Rima/ Glottitis”./ A/ small/ recess/ between/ the/ vestibular/ and/ vocal/ fold/ is/
known/ as/ the/ sinus/ of/ larynx./ From/ it/ a/ small/ diverticulum/ passes/ upward/ called/
saccule/ of/ larynx.
iii. Lower/ part/ of/ larynx:
- It/ extends/ from/ vocal/ folds/ to/ the/ lower/ border/ of/ cricoid/ cartilage.
/ / / / / / / / / /
maxillary hiatus is reduced? Mention their lining epithelium,
/ / / / / / / /
development and functions of air sinuses. What is sinusitis?
/ / / / / / / / /
Paranasal air sinus:
/ /
These/ are/ air/ filled/ cavities/ lined/ by/ muco-periosteum/ present/ within/ some/ bones/
around/ the/ nasal/ cavities.
Paranasal/ Air/ Sinus Draining/ Sites
1./ Frontal/ Air/ Sinuses/ (1/ pair) Anterior/ part/ of/ the/ middle/ meatus/
through/the/ethmoidal/infundibulum
or/ frontonasal/ duct
a./ Anterior/ (up/ to/ 2) Middle/ meatus/ through/ethmoidal/
2./Ethmoidal/ infundibulum
Air/ Sinuses b./ Middle/ (3) Middle/ meatus/ on/ or/ above/ the/ bulla
c./ Posterior/ (1-7) Superior/ meatus
3./ Sphenoidal/ Air/ Sinuses/ (1/ pair) Superior/ meatus
4./ Maxillary/ Air/ Sinuses/ (1/ pair) Middle/ meatus/ through/ the/ lowest
part/ of/ hiatus/ semilunaris
All/ the/ air/ sinuses/ drains/ into/ middle/ meatus/ except/ the/ posterior/ part/ of/ ethmoidal/
air/ sinus/ and/ sphenoidal/ air/ sinus/ which/ drains/ into/ superior/ meatus.
,Maxillary hiatus is reduced in living conditions by the following factors:
/ / / / / / / / / /
Above:/ By/ uncinate/ process/ of/ Ethmoid/ bone/ and/ Lacrimal/ bone
Below:/ By/ inferior/ nasal/ concha
Behind:/ By/ maxillary/ process/ of/ perpendicular/ plate/ of/ Palatine/ bone./
It/ is/ further/ reduced/ by/ thick/ mucosa/ of/ the/ nasal/ cavity.
Lining epithelium of paranasal air sinuses:
/ / / / /
-/ Pseudostratified/ ciliated/ columnar/ epithelium.
Development:
Paranasal/ air/ sinuses/ developed/ as/ diverticula/ of/ the/ lateral/ nasal/ wall/ and/ extends/
into/ the/ maxilla,/ ethmoid,/ frontal/ and/ sphenoid/ bones.
Functions:
1. Lightening/ of/ the/ skull.
2. Humidification/ of/ ais
3. Resonance/ of/ voice
4. Gives/ the/ shape/ of/ the/ face.
Sinusitis:
Inflammation/ of/ mucosa/ of/ paranasal/ air/ sinuses/ producing/ inflammatory/ exudate/
or/ pus,/ is/ known/ as/ sinusitis.
2. Mention cartilages, lining epithelium and nerve supply of the larynx.
/ / / / / / / / / /
Give a short description of interior of larynx (with diagram). What is
/ / / / / / / / / / / /
hoarseness of voice? What is laryngitis?
/ / / / /
Cartilages of larynx:
/ /
1. Unpaired/ cartilages:
a. Cricoid/ cartilage
b. Thyroid/ cartilage
c. Epiglottic/ cartilage
2. Paired/ cartilages:
a. Arytenoid/ cartilage
b. Cuneiform/ cartilage.
c. Corniculate/ cartilage
,Nice/ to/ know
[Types:
A. Elastic/ fibrocartilage:
Corniculate,/ cuneiform,/ epiglottic/ &/ the/ apices/ of/ the/ arytenoids.
B. Hyaline/ Cartilage:
Thyroid,/ Cricoid/ &/ greater/ part/ of/ the/ arytenoids.]
Lining epithelium of larynx:
/ / /
1. Anterior/ surface/ and/ upper/ part/ of/ the/ posterior/ surface/ of/ Epiglottis,/ upper/
part/ of/ the/ aryepiglottic/ folds/ and/ vocal/ fold/ are/ lined/ by/ Non-keratinized/
stratified/ squamous/ epithelium.
2. The/ rest/ of/ the/ larynx/ is/ lined/ by/ Pseudo-stratified/ ciliated/ columnar/
epithelium.
Nerve supply of larynx:
/ / /
Motor/ supply:
All/ the/ intrinsic/ and/ extrinsic/ muscles/ of/ larynx/ are/ supplied/ by/ Recurrent/
laryngeal/ nerve,/ except/ Cricothyroid/ which/ is/ supplied/ by/ External/ laryngeal/
nerve.
Sensory/ supply:
- Mucous/ membrane/ above/ the/ vocal/ fold/ is/ supplied/ by/ internal/ laryngeal/ nerve
- Below/ the/ vocal/ fold/ is/ supplied/ by/ Recurrent/ laryngeal/ nerve.
Autonomic/ Innervation:
- Parasympathetic / secretomotor/ fibers/ –/ run/ with/ both/ the/ superior/ and/ recurrent/
laryngeal/ nerves
- Postganglionic/ sympathetic/ fibers/ –/ Originate/ in/ the/ superior/ and/ middle/ cervical/
ganglia.
, Interior of larynx:
/ /
Cavity/ of/ larynx/ extends/ from/ laryngeal/ inlet/ to/ the/ lower/ border/ of/ cricoid/
cartilage.
It/ is/ divided/ into/ 3/ parts/ by/ Vestibular/ and/ vocal/ folds,
i. Upper/ part/ or/ Vestibule/ of/ larynx:
- It/ extends/ from/ the/ laryngeal/ inlet/ to/ the/ vestibular/ folds./ Vestibular/ folds/ are/ the/
mucosal/ folds/ which/ project/ medially/ and/ the/ gap/ between/ two/ vestibular/ fold/ is/
known/ as/ “Rima/ vestibuli.”
ii. Middle/ part/ of/ Larynx:
- It/ extends/ from/ vestibular/ folds/ to/ vocal/ folds./ The/ gap/ between/ the/ vocal/ folds/ is/
known/ as/ “Rima/ Glottitis”./ A/ small/ recess/ between/ the/ vestibular/ and/ vocal/ fold/ is/
known/ as/ the/ sinus/ of/ larynx./ From/ it/ a/ small/ diverticulum/ passes/ upward/ called/
saccule/ of/ larynx.
iii. Lower/ part/ of/ larynx:
- It/ extends/ from/ vocal/ folds/ to/ the/ lower/ border/ of/ cricoid/ cartilage.
