ONS CHEMOTHERAPY IMMUNOTHERAPY
CERTIFICATE FINAL PAPER EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS 2026
◉ 3 steps of interphase: Answer: First growth phase (G1)
Synthesis phase (S phase)
Second growth phase (G2)
◉ 4 phases of mitosis: Answer: Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
◉ Innate immunity: Answer: Non-specific response, either:
1. Barrier (skin, mucous membranes, flora of skin/gut)
2. Cellular components (phagocytes, natural killer cells,
granulocytes, macrophages)
◉ Adaptive immunity: Answer: Follows innate immunity if
unsuccessful. Memory immunity, including:
1. Humoral immunity (production of antibodies or
immunoglobulins)
,2. Cell mediated immunity (dependent upon T cells)
3. Regulatory T -cells (prevent autoimmune reactions and limit
inflammatory responses)
◉ Define mutations Answer: Variations in the nucleotide sequence
of a gene
◉ 3 main goals of treatment: Answer: Cure
Control
Palliation
◉ Define neoadjuvant therapy Answer: Treatment is given prior to
surgery to shrink the tumor
◉ Define adjuvant therapy Answer: Additional cancer treatment
given after the primary treatment to lower the risk that the cancer
reoccur
◉ Define conditioning/preparative therapy Answer: Treatments
used to prepare a patient for stem cell transplantation
◉ 2 types of conditioning therapies: Answer: Myeloablative
Nonmyeloablative
, ◉ Define dose density Answer: Drug dose per unit of time
◉ Define dose intensity Answer: Amount of drug delivered over time
◉ How is relative dose intensity (RDI) calculated? Answer: By
comparing the dose that the patient ACTUALLY received to the
planned dose of the standard regimen
◉ How do alkylating agents work? Answer: By causing a break in the
DNA helix strand, interfering with DNA replication and causing cell
death
◉ 3 subcategories of alkylating agents: Answer: 1. Nitrogen
mustards
2. Platinum-based agents (do not possess an alkyl group but still
termed alkylating agents as they work similarly)
3. Nitrosoureas
◉ Most common subcategory of alkylating agents: Answer: Nitrogen
mustards
◉ Common alkylating agents: Answer: Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)
Ifosfamide (Ifex)
CERTIFICATE FINAL PAPER EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS 2026
◉ 3 steps of interphase: Answer: First growth phase (G1)
Synthesis phase (S phase)
Second growth phase (G2)
◉ 4 phases of mitosis: Answer: Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
◉ Innate immunity: Answer: Non-specific response, either:
1. Barrier (skin, mucous membranes, flora of skin/gut)
2. Cellular components (phagocytes, natural killer cells,
granulocytes, macrophages)
◉ Adaptive immunity: Answer: Follows innate immunity if
unsuccessful. Memory immunity, including:
1. Humoral immunity (production of antibodies or
immunoglobulins)
,2. Cell mediated immunity (dependent upon T cells)
3. Regulatory T -cells (prevent autoimmune reactions and limit
inflammatory responses)
◉ Define mutations Answer: Variations in the nucleotide sequence
of a gene
◉ 3 main goals of treatment: Answer: Cure
Control
Palliation
◉ Define neoadjuvant therapy Answer: Treatment is given prior to
surgery to shrink the tumor
◉ Define adjuvant therapy Answer: Additional cancer treatment
given after the primary treatment to lower the risk that the cancer
reoccur
◉ Define conditioning/preparative therapy Answer: Treatments
used to prepare a patient for stem cell transplantation
◉ 2 types of conditioning therapies: Answer: Myeloablative
Nonmyeloablative
, ◉ Define dose density Answer: Drug dose per unit of time
◉ Define dose intensity Answer: Amount of drug delivered over time
◉ How is relative dose intensity (RDI) calculated? Answer: By
comparing the dose that the patient ACTUALLY received to the
planned dose of the standard regimen
◉ How do alkylating agents work? Answer: By causing a break in the
DNA helix strand, interfering with DNA replication and causing cell
death
◉ 3 subcategories of alkylating agents: Answer: 1. Nitrogen
mustards
2. Platinum-based agents (do not possess an alkyl group but still
termed alkylating agents as they work similarly)
3. Nitrosoureas
◉ Most common subcategory of alkylating agents: Answer: Nitrogen
mustards
◉ Common alkylating agents: Answer: Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)
Ifosfamide (Ifex)
