Nurs 5315: Adv Patho Exam 1 LATEST
UPDATE 2026 WITH COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS|| A+ GRADED
Atrophy -CORRECTANSWER E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation. Essentially
there is an increase in the catabolism of intracellular organelles, reducing structural
components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure, use, blood
supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation)
Hyperplasia -CORRECTANSWER E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell division)
must occur, size of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after damage or partial
resection; may be compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by increased hormonal
stimulation (endometrial). increase of production of local growth factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes. uterine or mammary
gland enlargement during pregnancy
,Dysplasia -CORRECTANSWER E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change in size,
shape, organization (classified as mild, moderate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell growth. aka atypical
hyperplasia or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap smear, breast
cancer development; pap smears often show dysplastic cells of the cervix that must
undergo laser/surgical tx
Metaplasia -CORRECTANSWER E: reversible change, one type of cell changes to
another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury, or irritation;
Cancer can arise from this area, stimulus induces a reprogramming of stem cells under
the influence of cytokines and growth factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker or normal
ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by stratified squamous
epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Esophagus- normal squamous cells change to columnar
epithelial cells in response to reflux, aka intestinal metaplasia
Hypoxia injury -CORRECTANSWER E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP increases
anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
,Free radical and ROS -CORRECTANSWER E. normal byproduct of ATP production,
will overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic
Lateral Sclerosis
Ethanol -CORRECTANSWER E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and
nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4, inflammation
and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver failure irreversible
Oncosis -CORRECTANSWER Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ
increases in weight, becomes distended and pale. Associated with high fever,
hypocalcemia, certain infections
Fatty Infiltration -CORRECTANSWER intracellular accumulation of lipids in the liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can lead to cirrhosis
dystrophic calcification -CORRECTANSWER accumulation of Ca in dead or dying
tissues
calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular structure and function
, r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic pancreatitis
metastatic calcification -CORRECTANSWER accumulation of Ca in normal tissue
result of hypercalcemia r/t hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, toxic levels of Vit D.
Can also r/t hyperphosphatemia in renal failure
urate accumulation -CORRECTANSWER sodium urate crystals are deposited in
tissues- group of disorders collectively called gout- acute arthritis, chronic gouty arthritis,
tophus, nephritis
Coagulative Necrosis -CORRECTANSWER kidneys, heart, adrenals- secondary to
hypoxia
Liquefactive Necrosis -CORRECTANSWER nerve cells- brain- accumulation of pus
Caseous Necrosis -CORRECTANSWER lung disease- usually TB- tissue looks like
clumped cheese
Fat Necrosis -CORRECTANSWER breast, pancreas, abdominal structures- creates
soaps
Gangrenous Necrosis -CORRECTANSWER Dry- dark shriveled skin
Wet- internal organs- can lead to death
UPDATE 2026 WITH COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS|| A+ GRADED
Atrophy -CORRECTANSWER E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation. Essentially
there is an increase in the catabolism of intracellular organelles, reducing structural
components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure, use, blood
supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation)
Hyperplasia -CORRECTANSWER E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell division)
must occur, size of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after damage or partial
resection; may be compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by increased hormonal
stimulation (endometrial). increase of production of local growth factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes. uterine or mammary
gland enlargement during pregnancy
,Dysplasia -CORRECTANSWER E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change in size,
shape, organization (classified as mild, moderate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell growth. aka atypical
hyperplasia or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap smear, breast
cancer development; pap smears often show dysplastic cells of the cervix that must
undergo laser/surgical tx
Metaplasia -CORRECTANSWER E: reversible change, one type of cell changes to
another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury, or irritation;
Cancer can arise from this area, stimulus induces a reprogramming of stem cells under
the influence of cytokines and growth factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker or normal
ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by stratified squamous
epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Esophagus- normal squamous cells change to columnar
epithelial cells in response to reflux, aka intestinal metaplasia
Hypoxia injury -CORRECTANSWER E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP increases
anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
,Free radical and ROS -CORRECTANSWER E. normal byproduct of ATP production,
will overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic
Lateral Sclerosis
Ethanol -CORRECTANSWER E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and
nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4, inflammation
and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver failure irreversible
Oncosis -CORRECTANSWER Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ
increases in weight, becomes distended and pale. Associated with high fever,
hypocalcemia, certain infections
Fatty Infiltration -CORRECTANSWER intracellular accumulation of lipids in the liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can lead to cirrhosis
dystrophic calcification -CORRECTANSWER accumulation of Ca in dead or dying
tissues
calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular structure and function
, r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic pancreatitis
metastatic calcification -CORRECTANSWER accumulation of Ca in normal tissue
result of hypercalcemia r/t hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, toxic levels of Vit D.
Can also r/t hyperphosphatemia in renal failure
urate accumulation -CORRECTANSWER sodium urate crystals are deposited in
tissues- group of disorders collectively called gout- acute arthritis, chronic gouty arthritis,
tophus, nephritis
Coagulative Necrosis -CORRECTANSWER kidneys, heart, adrenals- secondary to
hypoxia
Liquefactive Necrosis -CORRECTANSWER nerve cells- brain- accumulation of pus
Caseous Necrosis -CORRECTANSWER lung disease- usually TB- tissue looks like
clumped cheese
Fat Necrosis -CORRECTANSWER breast, pancreas, abdominal structures- creates
soaps
Gangrenous Necrosis -CORRECTANSWER Dry- dark shriveled skin
Wet- internal organs- can lead to death
