PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 8TH EDITION MCCANCE
COMPREHENSIVE TEST 2026 QUESTIONS
WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ Of the nitrogenous bases in DNA, adenine pairs with cytosine and
guanine pairs with thymine. True or False. Answer: False, Adenine
pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine.
◉ Transcription. Answer: process by which RNA is synthesized from
a DNA template
◉ Transcription. Answer: Transcription is the process by which RNA
is formed from DNA to carry the genetic code into the cytoplasm
where proteins are synthesized.
◉ Transcription Process. Answer: Translation is the process by
which mRNA interacts with transfer RNA (tRNA) in the ribosome
and results in the formation of amino acid sequences that bind
together to form polypeptides and eventually proteins.
The mRNA that has been transcribed in the nucleus moves into the
cytoplasm and binds with a ribosome at a particular sequence of
mRNA base pairs called an initiation site (the codon AUG for
methionine).
,The ribosome moves along the mRNA and matches each codon with
an anticodon on tRNA.
As each tRNA is added to the mRNA strand, it brings with it an
amino acid that is specific to the codons on the mRNA.
The amino acids bind to one another sequentially, forming
polypeptide chains.
Termination of translation occurs when the ribosome encounters
one of three termination codons on the mRNA (UAA, UAG, or UGA).
◉ Translation occurs in the _____.. Answer: Ribosome
Translation is the process by which mRNA interacts with transfer
RNA (tRNA) in the ribosome and results in the formation of amino
acid sequences that bind together to form polypeptides and
eventually proteins.
◉ True or False The 23rd pair of chromosomes contains the pair of
sex chromosomes.. Answer: True, The pair of sex chromosomes
makes up the 23rd pair of chromosomes. Males have XY
chromosomes and females have XX chromosomes.
,◉ True or False, A male child receives the Y chromosome from his
mother and the X chromosome from his father.. Answer: False, A
male child receives the X chromosome from his mother (females
have XX chromosomes) and the Y chromosome from his father
(males have XY chromosomes).
◉ True or False Mitosis is a type of cell division particular to
reproduction.. Answer: False,
Meiosis is a type of cell division particular to reproduction
(reproduction of the gametes: sperm and egg cells).
Mitosis is the process by which the nucleus of a cell divides to create
two nuclei, each containing an identical copy of DNA.
◉ Polyploidy. Answer: Occurs when abnormal gametogenesis leads
to the embryo having three (triploidy) or even four (tetraploidy)
times the normal number of chromosomes.
Triploidy and tetraploidy account for about 10% of miscarriages and
are incompatible with survival of the fetus.
, ◉ Aneuploidy. Answer: Means that there are an abnormal number of
chromosomes, usually 45 or 47 chromosomes instead of the normal
46.
Nondisjunction during gametogenesis is the most common cause of
aneuploidy.
Nondisjunction means that the chromosomes do not separate
equally during meiosis so that one gamete gets both copies of a
chromosome, and the other gamete gets none.
When these gametes join with a normal gamete during fertilization
(which contains one copy of each chromosome), the resulting
embryo will have either one too many (trisomy) or one too few
(monosomy) chromosomes.
◉ Tetraploidy. Answer: A condition in which euploid cells have 92
chromosomes
◉ Euploid cell. Answer: A euploid cell or embryo has the normal 46
number of chromosomes, i.e. it is an exact multiple of a single set of
the normal 23 unpaired chromosomes.
◉ What is the difference between Euploidy and polyploidy?. Answer:
Aneuploidy results from variations in the number of individual
COMPREHENSIVE TEST 2026 QUESTIONS
WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ Of the nitrogenous bases in DNA, adenine pairs with cytosine and
guanine pairs with thymine. True or False. Answer: False, Adenine
pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine.
◉ Transcription. Answer: process by which RNA is synthesized from
a DNA template
◉ Transcription. Answer: Transcription is the process by which RNA
is formed from DNA to carry the genetic code into the cytoplasm
where proteins are synthesized.
◉ Transcription Process. Answer: Translation is the process by
which mRNA interacts with transfer RNA (tRNA) in the ribosome
and results in the formation of amino acid sequences that bind
together to form polypeptides and eventually proteins.
The mRNA that has been transcribed in the nucleus moves into the
cytoplasm and binds with a ribosome at a particular sequence of
mRNA base pairs called an initiation site (the codon AUG for
methionine).
,The ribosome moves along the mRNA and matches each codon with
an anticodon on tRNA.
As each tRNA is added to the mRNA strand, it brings with it an
amino acid that is specific to the codons on the mRNA.
The amino acids bind to one another sequentially, forming
polypeptide chains.
Termination of translation occurs when the ribosome encounters
one of three termination codons on the mRNA (UAA, UAG, or UGA).
◉ Translation occurs in the _____.. Answer: Ribosome
Translation is the process by which mRNA interacts with transfer
RNA (tRNA) in the ribosome and results in the formation of amino
acid sequences that bind together to form polypeptides and
eventually proteins.
◉ True or False The 23rd pair of chromosomes contains the pair of
sex chromosomes.. Answer: True, The pair of sex chromosomes
makes up the 23rd pair of chromosomes. Males have XY
chromosomes and females have XX chromosomes.
,◉ True or False, A male child receives the Y chromosome from his
mother and the X chromosome from his father.. Answer: False, A
male child receives the X chromosome from his mother (females
have XX chromosomes) and the Y chromosome from his father
(males have XY chromosomes).
◉ True or False Mitosis is a type of cell division particular to
reproduction.. Answer: False,
Meiosis is a type of cell division particular to reproduction
(reproduction of the gametes: sperm and egg cells).
Mitosis is the process by which the nucleus of a cell divides to create
two nuclei, each containing an identical copy of DNA.
◉ Polyploidy. Answer: Occurs when abnormal gametogenesis leads
to the embryo having three (triploidy) or even four (tetraploidy)
times the normal number of chromosomes.
Triploidy and tetraploidy account for about 10% of miscarriages and
are incompatible with survival of the fetus.
, ◉ Aneuploidy. Answer: Means that there are an abnormal number of
chromosomes, usually 45 or 47 chromosomes instead of the normal
46.
Nondisjunction during gametogenesis is the most common cause of
aneuploidy.
Nondisjunction means that the chromosomes do not separate
equally during meiosis so that one gamete gets both copies of a
chromosome, and the other gamete gets none.
When these gametes join with a normal gamete during fertilization
(which contains one copy of each chromosome), the resulting
embryo will have either one too many (trisomy) or one too few
(monosomy) chromosomes.
◉ Tetraploidy. Answer: A condition in which euploid cells have 92
chromosomes
◉ Euploid cell. Answer: A euploid cell or embryo has the normal 46
number of chromosomes, i.e. it is an exact multiple of a single set of
the normal 23 unpaired chromosomes.
◉ What is the difference between Euploidy and polyploidy?. Answer:
Aneuploidy results from variations in the number of individual
